INSTITUTE OF PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE
Abstract
At present light particles are considered massless, structureless and without having charge. The physical space is also conceptualized to have mathematical structure with less known mathematical objects and events. A clear picture of the structure of physical space with perceivable space matter particles in finer domains is missing. The 3D perceivable geometry has become unperceivable by clubbing the nongeometrical time-parameter with geometrical parameters. The prevailing concepts of light particles and the vacuum/space medium are hurdles in applying the conventional dynamics to light particles in space medium. Finding no way to analyse the constant speed of light in vacuum, scientists have assumed it to be a universal physical constant of nature requiring no further analysis. This author has already introduced the new mass-space structure of light particles having mass, non-electric charge in non-equilibrium mass-space structure as well as the new concept of physical space containing space matter particles of micro-micro domain in his earlier publications in this journal. The new structural concepts of light particle and medium increases the scope of analysing the constant velocity of light in vacuum & other mediums besides the scope of understanding the different phenomena of light in a clear conceptual manner. The present paper makes the analysis of the cause of constant velocity of light in vacuum and other mediums by drawing similarity with the terminal velocity of macro particles.
Keywords: Light particles, Physical space, Structure of light particle, Micro-micro-domain, Constant velocity of light, Terminal velocity.
Introduction
Velocity of light is constant in a given medium and is the highest in vacuum/space medium which is generally denoted by ‘c’. This is considered as the fastest speed at which anything can travel in the universe. The logic and reasoning for constant velocity of light lacks in present science thus it stands as an observed fact and ‘c’ is considered as a universal physical constant. Velocity of light is found to be a function of density of the medium and no space is a perfect vacuum. At present the reduction of the speed of light in denser mediums is hypothesized to have been caused due to electromagnetic delay by atomic interactions but not due to drag/friction. In either way the velocity of light could have slowed down gradually due to repeated absorption and emission in its path associating cumulative electromagnetic delay or due to friction. The concept of electromagnetic delay has some coherence with “Tired light theory” suggested for an alternative explanation of red shift of light coming from distant stars of galaxies. However, observation shows the velocity of light remains constant in a medium. Obviously, there is some unknown mechanism in action for the constant velocity of light in a specific medium including the vacuum/space medium. The article ‘Critical analysis on physical reality of light’ published in this issue by this author reveals that only the particle concept of light is feasible, therefore has the stand [1]. The wave concept of light is not feasible hence it is hypothetical. But the unreal wave concept of light answers to some phenomena of light which the particle concept fails. This made the unreal wave concept, established as reality. It is something like the honest client loses his case in the court of law due to the weak argument of his pleader. The author has identified the new physical properties of light-particles such as mass, non-electric charge, structure and spin [2], [3]. Again, the rest-existence of fine particles of micro-micro domain (light particles in neutral state) gives rise to the less-known fine structure of vacuum/space medium. The fine structure of the space medium is again modified (restructured) at locations closer to the surface of dense bodies. The new understanding of light particle and medium renders new scope of understanding the different phenomena of light in a natural manner without involving the hypothetical wave concept of light. It is desirable to explore the physical reality of light in a natural manner and make use of mathematics for enabling quantitative analysis. On the other hand, exploring nature by probing through mathematical models and equations deviates away from reality of nature due to some unnatural axioms/hypotheses. The axiomatic mathematical quantum approach produces results but fails to describe the path function of the quantum event such as the basis of the quantum assumptions. Again, the unreal assumption-based truth may succeed in justifying one aspect of a reality but may fail in justifying other aspects of the same reality [1]. Scientists biased with one aspect of a reality, ignoring other aspects are likely to develop concepts and theories deviating away from reality. Such an understanding develops barriers in realizing the uniformity of nature and introduces isolation barriers among macro domain science, micro domain science and micro-micro domain science (spiritual science).
According to this author, the particle theory of light being the reality can be augmented by realizing the new features of the particle and the medium to explain different phenomena of light thereby keeping physics within the frame of reference of reality. The accepted “Latest” Atomic Model refers to the Quantum Mechanical (Electron Cloud) Model. This remains as the foundational and widely accepted model of atomic structure. It is not the final word since it has limitations like multi-electron atoms cannot be solved exactly, no explanation of why quantization exists etc. The author feels that the latest atomic model has been developed by making domain specific assumptions which is a violation to the similarity of structure and feature in different domains as envisaged in Veda, Vedanta and Bhagavad Geeta mentioned below.
How does the Vedic concept help in conceptualizing the structure of light particles?
It is not easy to directly visualize the structures of light particles and the medium in finer domains. In this regard the references of the teachings of Vedas, Vedanta, Upanishads and Bhagavat Geeta give an insight into the nature of structure of light particles and the medium.
- Veda References
The Vedas often establish the unity between the human being and the cosmos, suggesting that what exists in the macrocosm also exists in the microcosm.
Ṛgveda (10.90 – Puruṣa Sūkta)
The cosmic being (Puruṣa) encompasses the entire universe; the same Puruṣa manifests as the individual soul.
“puruṣa evedaṃ sarvaṃ yadbhūtaṃ yacca bhavyam”
(The Cosmic Person is all that was and all that will be.)
→ Shows correspondence between cosmic Puruṣa (macrocosm) and individual beings (microcosm).
Atharvaveda (10.2.31)
“Yathā piṇḍe tathā brahmāṇḍe,
yathā brahmāṇḍe tathā piṇḍe.”
(As is the body [microcosm], so is the cosmos [macrocosm]; as os the cosmos, so is the body.)
→ This is the clearest Vedic statement of micro–macro reflection.
- Bhagavad Geeta
The Geeta frequently relates the kṣhetra (the individual field, body) and kṣhetrajña (knower of the field) to the universal. Bhagavad Geeta 13.2
“idaṁ śarīraṁ kaunteya kṣetram ity abhidhīyate
etad yo vetti taṁ prāhuḥ kṣetrajña iti tadvidaḥ”
(This body is called the field [microcosm]; one who knows it is the knower of the field.)
→ Establishes correspondence between the body (microcosm) and cosmic field (macrocosm). Bhagavad Geeta 10.20
“aham ātmā guḍākeśa sarva-bhūtāśaya-sthitaḥ
aham ādiś ca madhyaṁ ca bhūtānām anta eva ca”
(I am the Self, O Arjuna, seated in the hearts of all beings.)
→ The cosmic Lord resides in the microcosm of each being
Bhagavad Geeta Chapter 11 (Viśvarūpa Darśana Yoga)
The vision of the universal form (Viśvarūpa) directly links the individual Arjuna’s perception to the cosmic totality.
- Vedānta
Chāndogya Upaniṣad (3.18.1)
“sarvaṃ khalv idaṃ brahma.” (All this is indeed Brahman).
Also, in the teaching of “Tat Tvam Asi” (You are That).
→ The individual self is not separate from the universal.
Vedānta develops the equivalence of Jīvātman (individual soul) and Paramātman (universal soul), which is exactly the microcosm–macrocosm correspondence.
Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (2.5.18)
“yathāgneḥ kṣudrā viṣphuliṅgā vyuccaranti, evam eva asya sarvāṇi bhūtāni vyuccaranti.”
(As tiny sparks fly from the fire, so do all beings emerge from the cosmic Self.)
Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad (mantra 2 & 3)
The four states of consciousness (jāgrat, svapna, suṣupti, turīya) reflect the structure of both the individual mind (microcosm) and the universal consciousness (macrocosm).
Śaṅkara’s Advaita Vedānta
Emphasizes “brahma satyaṁ jagan mithyā jīvo brahmaiva nāparaḥ.”
(Brahman is the reality, the world is a superimposition, the individual is not different from Brahman).
→ The microcosm–macrocosm distinction is ultimately dissolved in non-duality.
The wisdom of Veda, Bhagavad Geeta and Vedanta resounds with a single truth that the human being is the miniature form of the vast universe. This implies, there is no difference between the structure of the solar system and the structure of the atom. The development of the planetary atomic model was the right approach by Rutherford but he couldn’t succeed due to incomplete modelling of all structural features of the solar system in his model of atoms. In this regard the present author has proposed a new atomic model in the light of Vedantic philosophy which goes to establish similarity of structures and features between micro domain and macro domain. The author visualized the existence of mass in finer domain, below micro domain, (micro-micro domain) [4]. With the new classification of domains of nature, the significance of Vedantic philosophy stretches over a wide range and can be interpreted to hold good for macro domain, micro domain and micro-micro domain. This provides the scope of modelling the structure of unseen material systems of finer and finer domains [micro domain and micro-micro domain] from the structure and features of observable macro solar system.
A system in a given domain has its internal structure involving particles of lower domain and the said system as a whole goes to build up the internal structure of a larger system in a higher domain. For example, an atomic particle in a micro domain has its structure and the atoms go to build the structure of the celestial body system. This hierarchy is uniformly present from lowest perceivable domain (below micro-micro domain) to domains above macro domain, having its upper limit confined to the physical universe or the greater universe as some have anticipated. The centrally organised systems in different domains have scope of developing coordinated structure such as: the molecules, crystals, solids, binary and ternary stars and clusters of galaxies. The coordinated structure gives rise to formation of different objects with definite shape and size. The centrally organized structures of the same or different domains such as the galactic system, solar system, planet system, atomic system, photonic system have similar structure, features and similar functional properties. The above hypothesis matches well with philosophy of Vedas, Vedanta and Bhagavad Geeta.
Perceptual Geometry versus Abstract Space: A Rational Inquiry
If the revised particle concept explains all phenomena of light then duality would disappear from the theory of light. Duality is against the norm of nature therefore it is not a reality for the light particles and the electrons. The author has shown elsewhere that the light particles are particles of matter in finer domain (micro-micro domain) having mass in photonic mass units [2] and non-electric charge in photonic charge unit [3] and the mass-space structure having nucleus and extra-nuclear space structure [5]. Thus, the laws of dynamics of matter in space are equally applicable to light particles. Following the uniformity of nature, one can extend the similarity of dynamics of matter from one domain to another. In this view, the constant speed phenomenon of light is expected to have its replica in other domains including macro domain. We would therefore explore extending the theory of constant velocity of macro particles (macro domain physics) to light particles.
The constant velocity of light is a fundamental postulate of Einstein’s theory of special relativity. Einstein considers, the constant velocity of light is not just a property of light itself, but rather a fundamental aspect of how space and time are interwoven in our universe. If somehow, it is possible to understand the cause of constant velocity of light particles in vacuum medium then the equation of motion of particles in high speed condition (approaching the velocity of light) can also be derived as an alternative to special relativity. If this is possible then we need not have to follow the complex interwoven state of space-time of the medium. However, a clear conceptual understanding of the physical space is essential for understanding light and its phenomena.
In the new concept space itself is physical and has a continuum in the entire universe. Again, space is compressible and attracted by matter [2]. Thus, different space pockets have different space densities (space content per unit volume). Further, the number density of space matter particles in space is in direct proportion to space density due to space-mass attraction. Space associated with matter can have both rotational and linear motion along with the motions of the matter. All physical entities including matter and space have 3-D geometrical properties of shape, size, location and orientation besides their non-geometrical properties of density, charge state, temperature, pressure, velocity and gradient of these properties (different fields). The geometrical parameters of 3-D geometry are the distances of the three co-ordinates. These three co-ordinates are enough to define the spatial location of a point in space. Any other parameter of physical space varying spatially in 3-D geometry is non-geometrical parameters. Our natural mental perception is linked to 3-D geometry therefore we are able to perceive an object or event conceptually. If now the 3-D geometry is distorted by introducing any non-geometrical parameters such as the spatial dynamism or time parameter of physical space as the additional dimension of geometry then the 4-D space-time geometry becomes unperceivable. Very long distances even though it is expressed in light years. This is not to confuse that time is a unit of distance and a dimension of geometry. The 4-D space-time geometry is an unnatural geometry therefore it is unperceivable. The inverse of dynamism is the true significance of time [6]. In the dynamic state of a physical entity, time is associated with matter/physical-space as the parameter of duration (time required for completion of an event with its prevailing dynamism). Time is not a physical entity nor does it flow in flat space or curved space. The dynamic equation of matter developed for the stationary medium is not valid in a moving medium without modification. The equation of dynamics developed for a static physical space needs to be modified appropriately for the moving physical space (space medium associating a dynamism or time parameter). The problems of physics requiring 4-D space-time geometry for their solution can as well be solved considering 3-D geometry with spatially varying dynamism or time of the physical space. Why invite 4-D space-time geometry when the solution is feasible in 3D geometry with time as a non-geometrical parameter without disturbing the perception of reality.
If four variable parameters are required for the dynamics of the particle in the space then mathematically it is feasible to work out the dynamics in two different ways: with or without fusing the non-geometrical parameter with geometrical parameters. It is not proper to consider the non-geometrical time-parameter as an additional parameter of 3-D geometry thereby making the unnatural 4-D geometry which is purely hypothetical. The 3-D volumetric geometry is complete with 3 observable parameters of the geometry. The problem arises due to improper understanding of the physical nature of space and the presence of space matter particles of finer domain which is required for conceptualizing the non-geometrical parameter. The dynamic state property of non-physical (relational) space is unthinkable to visualize the motion of space associating time. In such a situation the non-geometrical time-parameter is conceptualised from the hypothetical 4-D geometry. It is rational to think that physical entities (matter or space) have both state property and geometrical property. When the reality of the physical nature of the space is not perceived properly then the state property of physical space is erroneously considered as a parameter of hypothetical 4-D geometry.
The new concept of physical space provides enough scope of finding spatial variations of the state property parameters such as space density (space content per unit volume), number density of space matter particles, gradient of space density (space field), gradient of number density of space matter particle (mass field) and the non-electric charge state of space matter particles & their gradient (non-electric charge field). Due to the lack of perception to the above non-geometrical parameters of physical space, the motion of physical space could not be visualized thus the time/motion-parameter of the moving physical space is unduly clubbed into geometry making it an unrealistic 4-D space time geometry. In the dynamics of macro bodies, we make use of the three parameters of geometry separate from the non-geometrical state properties of the physical entity such as velocity, pressure, temperature, charge, time (reciprocal of dynamism) in solving the problems. The unperceivable geometry of space-time becomes perceivable when the non-geometrical time-parameter is taken out from geometry and dealt separately as a parameter of the dynamics. The distances of stars are expressed in light years but time is not distance, it is basically a state property of a physical entity by virtue of its dynamism and not something that flows [6]. The 3-D geometry is enough to define and locate any spot in space and the non-geometrical relative motion of the space medium at any location can be described through its dynamism/time. The physical space described in 3-D geometry can have spatial variation of state property (dynamism/velocity/time). Thus, a moving physical space in 3-D geometry can experience different spatial velocity of the space medium thereby the dynamics of the object (particle) would differ from the static nature of the medium. Solution of problems of dynamics of bodies in stationary medium and moving medium at constant or varying speeds is quite common in the macro domain. The new perception of structural features of space media reveals that space or vacuum can be considered as a different kind of gas/air by replacing the atomic and molecular space matter particles by the micro-micro domain space matter particles (light particles in neutral states). In macro domain physics time is not a geometric parameter but it has its role in the dynamics. If three geometrical parameters and one dynamic parameter (time) are required in solving problems of dynamics then, one can do so by 1) clubbing the time parameter with geometric parameter of space or 2) considering the geometrical parameters and the non-geometric parameter (time) separately. Then, why go for fusing space and time and formulating the new unperceivable 4-D geometry?
In the new concept, the light particles have mass and mass-space structure. The medium also has a micro-micro structure. Hence, the new concepts of light particle and the medium have scope of explaining the cause of constant velocity of light in vacuum or space medium. Einstein assumed the observed constant velocity of light in vacuum as a physical constant and he built his theories around it. It is equally important to understand how the velocity of light is constant in a given medium and the velocity is highest in a vacuum medium. Once we are able to understand the dynamics of light particles thereafter it becomes easier to understand then it is possible to show how the velocity of light is maximum in vacuum medium. So far, our best theory for why the bulk of the universe is the way it is, almost entirely hinges on the notion that the speed of light in vacuum is the universal speed limit, which is why it is called one of the fundamental postulates of special relativity. It is fine to make a postulate like this but at the same time it is also important to justify the postulate to strengthen the theories based on the postulate. Events happening in a system take the reference of the system to describe and analyse because reality always corresponds to the object and event frame of reference irrespective of what one sees in another frame of reference. It looks, the equation of special relativity is just a mathematical correlation which helps in predicting the unknown parameter of the dynamics. However, the nature of description backing the relativistic equation does not correspond to reality. The dynamics of matter is a reality when the parameters of dynamics are described in relation to the frame of reference of the object and event but not relating to any other frame of reference. This author feels, the relativistic equation for velocity of an object approaching the speed of light can be derived from meta-physical consideration of the event expressed in the frame of reference of objects and events. Thus, the reality in special relativity considerations has to be pursued.
Analysis of constant velocity of light
In the new concept proposed by this author, the light particles are having mass in photonic mass units [2], hence they are particles of matter in finer domains. Following the uniformity of nature (similarity of structure and feature in different domains), all centrally organized systems including the solar system and atomic system are expected to have similarity in structure and features [5]. The present mathematical atomic model makes use of quantum assumptions deviating away from the reality of nature experienced in other domains however the model agrees on the existence of nucleus and extra nuclear structure. Though the mathematical atomic model is a deviation from reality, it got established due to its ability to explain the spectra of hydrogen atoms. This does not stop our hunt for the reality-based model of atomic structure having similarity with centrally organized structures in other domains. The new atomic model proposed by this author has complete similarity with the structure of the solar system and the model has scope to explain the spectra of atoms and the stability of atomic structure without making any domain-specific assumptions [7]. For the unified understanding of nature, there should be only one set of common universal assumptions for all domains of nature. The common-sense knowledge and cause-to-effect analogy are valid in macro domain and spiritual domain (consciousness-domain/micro-micro domain) and there is no valid reason why it should not be entertained for the atomic-domain (micro-domain). Hence, the new solar atomic model [7] has a better stand for comprehensive understanding of nature. The light particle bears mass in the new concept [2], hence it should find a place in the atomic structure and in the structure of the space medium. Further, the light particles also have a structure having a nucleus and extra nuclear space structure containing orbital particles and space matter particles in finer domains [5], [7]. The extra-nuclear structures of systems in different domains are likely to have similarity to the uniformity of nature. One can visualize the nature of extra-nuclear structure from the study of the observable extra-nuclear structure of the earth. If we ignore some finer features of extra-nuclear structure of the earth then we would fail to understand the science of the rain fall and the effect of atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere. Similarly, we need to explore the extra-nuclear structure of light particles to understand different phenomena of light. The schematic view of the structure of a light particle static and dynamic state is shown in Fig.1.
Like the structure of a gaseous medium composed of atomic particles, the commonly referred vacuum medium also has a structure comprising less known fine particles of micro-micro domain in neutral state in the new concept. However, some micro-micro particles may remain in charge states carrying photonic charge like the presence of ions and free electrons in the atmospheric air of the earth. One can visualize similar phenomena in different domains of nature due to similarity of structure and features as discussed above. Therefore, it is possible to find some cases of constant velocity of particles in the macro domain like the constant velocity of light particles in the micro-micro domain. The constant velocity cases in the macro domain and their prevailing dynamics is expected to help in analysing the dynamics of constant velocity of light particles. There are many examples of constant velocity cases in macro domain such as the raindrops/hailstones, sediment particles in water, oil droplets in air (Millikan’s experiment), ash/volcanic dust settling in the atmosphere, snowfall in calm air, droplets in fog or mist.
The freely falling rain drops accelerate under the action of constant gravity. Again, the falling raindrops experience the resistance to motion from the air medium. The resistance to motion increases directly as the square of the velocity. Thus, at a certain velocity, the force of gravity becomes equal to the resistive force of the medium where further acceleration becomes zero and the object moves at a constant velocity known as terminal velocity. The velocity of raindrops is directed along the direction of the gravitational field. On the other hand, the light particles have constant velocity in a medium in all directions irrespective of the direction of any interactive external field. Any external field has a particular direction which may or may-not remain aligned with the direction of motion of the light particles. Thus, any external field has a little role in forcing the light particle by field-particle interaction against the resistance of the medium to result in terminal velocity.
It is a general feeling that the vacuum or space medium doesn’t offer any resistance to motion of material particles since it is understood as empty space. But in reality, the so-called empty space, though empty of any known form of matter (atomic and sub-atomic particles), contains less-known matter particles of finer domain (micro-micro domain) which offers insignificant resistance to motion of material particles. However, the resistance to motion offered by vacuum medium becomes highly significant at the speed of light which is realised from the wind thrust equation. The wind thrust on a stationary object is the same as that of a moving object on the stationary air at the same relative velocity. The equation of wind thrust on an object [8] is therefore applicable to the moving objects in a stationary medium which is given as under:
Because the velocity of light remains constant reveals the existence of a hidden constant motive force acting along the direction of the motion of the particle. Such a directional motive force along the direction of motion of a light particle is feasible only if the very motion of the light particle produces the interactive field in the medium. The following discussion explains how the field is created in the medium by the motion of the light particles.
It is essential for the light particles to have an interactive field for developing a motive force on the light particles to overcome the resistance of the medium resulting in a constant terminal velocity in a medium. It is well known that light particles do not carry electric charge hence it is neutral to the electric field. In other words, electric fields have no effect on the path of light particles. Hence, the possibility of any motive force from the electric charge field doesn’t arise. But in the new concept light particles carry photonic charge and the medium also can have a photonic charge field due to the non-electric charge effect of space matter particles in the micro-micro domain. Any external photonic charge field in the medium, if present, will be directional which may not remain aligned with the direction of motion of the light particle. Hence, the effect of any interactive external field for light particles is ruled out. Since a light particle moving in a medium maintains constant velocity in all directions implies that the photonic field is not external but auto-generated due to the motion of light particles in the medium. The direction of the auto-generated field remains always aligned with the direction of motion of light particles, which produces a motive force by field-particle interaction that counters the resistance to motion of light particles helping to attain the terminal velocity. Before we try to understand the mechanism of formation of an auto generated field in the space medium, it may be desirable to understand the fine structure of the space medium.
Structure of vacuum/space medium
Following the philosophy of Vedas, Vedanta, Upanishads and Bhagavat Geeta, discussed above, the author proposed the structural model of light particles having similarity with the structure and features of the solar system as well as the new atomic system [7]. Based on the above philosophy the author proposed the existence of a fine structure of vacuum/physical space having similarity with the structure and features of air medium. Conventionally any gas including the air is otherwise a space fluid containing micro particles (atoms and molecules) as space matter particles. Following the hierarchy of this reality, the structures of extra nuclear space of atoms and the inter-atomic space presumably contains space matter particles of finer domains (micro-micro domain). If the atomic and molecular particles are removed from a chamber containing gas/air, then the volume of the chamber is referred to the state of vacuum in the present concept. However, complete removal of atomic and molecular particles from an air vessel is also not practicable; hence the so-called vacuum refers to partial vacuum only. Again, the so-called vacuum may contain less known space matter particles of finer domain (micro-micro domain) [4], [9] for which the present science has no comment since we fail to examine the existence of such matters. It is something like the screening of a pond by a net to catch bigger fish cannot ensure that pond is free of fish since smaller fishes exist in the same pond. Thus, any referred vacuum is only a partial vacuum of known micro particles in the present concept of science. We are unaware of the nature of physical space and the space matter particles present in unknown finer domains. Thus, we are yet to understand the true significance of vacuum. The structure of the vacuum is schematically shown in Fig.2. It may be noted here that the size of the extra nuclear space structure of a space matter particle is a function of the nucleus and the background space density (pressure) [5]. The effect of external pressure on the size of the extra nuclear structure is schematically shown in Fig.3 which is also reflected in Fig.2. In general, the commonly referred vacuum/free-space is a physical fluid medium which is resistive to the motion of particles. Though the resistance to motion of particles offered by vacuum medium is insignificant for particles moving at lower speeds but becomes highly significant for light particles due to extra ordinary high-speed motion. This implies that theoretically, light particles can’t have a constant speed due to the resistance offered by the medium in the absence of a motive force in the direction of motion of the light particle.
The structure of light particle (photon) can be conceptualized to have a nucleus and extra nuclear space structure. We are conversant with the existence of light particles in the state of motion where it is active and carries energy. In the new concept, it also carries photonic charge that distinguishes its existence by interaction. But we are not aware of their rest existence in zero charge and zero energy states. It is like a positive ion reveals its existence distinctly whereas the passive neutral atom doesn’t. However, a neutral atom plays the role of a space matter particle in the space medium revealing their existence indirectly. Like-wise, the light particles in neutral state with zero energy laden photons become the space matter particles in vacuum/space medium. The extra nuclear space structure of light particles at rest, in neutral state, has structure and features (Fig.1) similar to that of a neutral atom. The positive charge state of light particles is comparable to the positive charge state of ions with loss of electronic shells. Thus, the ionic radius of a photon is much less than that of a neutral photon. The spherical extra nuclear space structure of the light particle in motion deforms to spheroidal form (Fig.1) due to the resistance offered by the medium since the extra nuclear space structure is highly elastic. The deformed spheroidal shape of the extra nuclear space structure can be approximated to the shape of an ellipsoid. The longitudinal cross-section of an ellipsoid is an ellipse where the nucleus is located in the focus of the ellipse located at the leading end. The extra nuclear space structure of atomic particles and the inter-atomic space in gas contains light particles in neutral state as space matter particles. Thus, any gas contains atomic particles and light particles in neutral state as space matter particles of different domains. Hence, any conventional vacuum can be more appropriately called a photonic gas, however, the presence of few atomic particles is inevitable. If the atomic gas offers resistance to motion of macro and micro particles, there is no reason why the photonic gas wouldn’t offer resistance to motion of light particles. The light particles have an elastic extra-nuclear space structure like that of atom [5], [7] and the elastic structure is subject to deformation when placed in a pressure field or in motion in a resistive medium including the vacuum medium. The physical space with or without the space matter particles is a compressible fluid [2]. Depending on the nature of space matter particles present in the compressible space fluids it forms different gaseous fluids such as air, oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, water vapor, electronic gas and photonic gas. The space devoid of micro particles is not an empty space as it contains particles of micro-micro domain (light particles in neutral state). However pure space without space matter particles is only a hypothetical case. When the light particle moves in space medium (photonic gas medium) at the speed of light, the extra nuclear space structure of the light particle is compressed at the leading end and elongated at the trailing end. The medium (photonic gas) is compressed at the leading end and rarefied at the trailing end due to the high-speed motion of the light particles. The deformed shape can be approximated to an ellipsoid having its longitudinal section as an ellipse where the nucleus is located on the focus of the ellipse at the leading end. The deformation of the extra-nuclear space structure of light particles and the space density field of the adjacent space medium is shown in Fig.4. Due to mass space attraction in the deformed state of the light particle and the space medium, the nucleus experiences a pull from the compact space of the medium that goes to neutralise the resistive thrust on light particle from the medium, thereby helping the light particle to move at a constant speed.
The space density gradient in the premises of a light particle forms the space density field in the medium along the direction of motion of the light particle (Fig.4). The light particle experiences an accelerating force due to field-particle interaction in excess of the resistive force of the medium where the light particle goes on accelerating to reach the velocity ‘c’. Further increase of ‘c’ to ‘c+∆c’, causes detachment of the outer shell from the extra nuclear space structure of a light particle. The detachment of the outer shell occurs when the resistive thrust of the medium exceeds the bond strength of the shell with the nucleus. Thereafter, the projected area of the reduced extra-nuclear space structure of light particle is decreased by a quantum jump which in turn makes a quantum drop in the space density field. The decrease of the space density field decreases the motive force which in turn decreases the velocity of light particles to ‘c-∆c’. Thereafter, the outer shell of the extra nuclear space structure forms again which increases the velocity of light particle to ‘c+∆c’ due to increased field effect. The quantum attachment and detachment of the outer shell is a cyclic process (Fig.5). Thus, the average velocity of light particles remains constant with auto generated field particle interaction. The acceleration and deceleration around ‘c’ help to maintain the constant speed ‘c’ of light particles in vacuum medium.
A definite thrust is required for removal of a specific shell of the extra nuclear space structure of a light particle which it experiences at velocity ‘c’ in vacuum medium. But the thrust on light particles is directly proportional to the density of the medium. Hence the required thrust for removal of a specific shell of extra nuclear space structure of a light particle is experienced at a lower value of ‘c’ when the light particle travels in a denser medium. This is the reason for different constant velocities (terminal velocities) of light particle in different mediums.
It is interesting to note that for light particles the decrease of speed from ‘c’ is the cause of the increase of speed above ‘c’ and the increase of speed above ‘c’ is the cause of the decrease of speed from ‘c’.
The mechanism for constant velocity of light is equally applicable to the constant velocity of sound when sound is considered as a particle [10].
Conclusion
The terminal velocity of rain drops, particles in sea in the sedimentation process and the laboratory experiment on Stokes’ Law are some examples of constant velocity of particles in the macro domain. The velocity of micro particles in solar wind also exhibits constant velocity. These constant velocities have justification through scientific analysis. But we do not find any means of justifying the constant velocity of light. The author in this paper has developed a new understanding of the fine structure of light particles and the space medium. Following the new concept, the author has proposed a new way of justifying the prevailing constant speed of light. The insight into the fine structure of light particles and the medium also has a greater scope of explaining different phenomena of light in a conceptual manner without duality.
Reference
- Critical Analysis on Physical Reality of Light, Volume-3, Issue-4, Towards unification of Sciences.
- https://philosophyofnature.org.in/towards-a-new-comprehensive-universal-science.
- https://philosophyofnature.org.in/electric-and-non-electric-charges-and-their-inter-conversion.
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