New Interactions of Mass and Space Is the Cause of Gravity

Abstract

The only component of matter according to the current theory is mass. Newton postulated that mass attracts mass and then explained gravity by seeing that matter attracted to matter. On the other hand, a mass can push space quite a bit, according to Einstein. Space may be bent, warped, pushed, or pulled by mass. He described gravity as being caused by the big objects’ effects on the curvature of space-time. The concept of relational space has changed. It now has a tangible form. As a result, it is possible for mass and space to interact. The precise nature of interactions between mass and space was not specified by Einstein. Despite having differing foundations, both theories of gravity produce results. However, several phenomena that Newton’s idea of gravity remains quiet were explained by Einstein’s theory of gravity. The basic cause of gravity cannot be different for Newton and Einstein. Therefore, the source of gravity should be able to produce Newton’s equation of gravity and encourage the warping of space around heavy things. It appears that we are unable to understand the origin of gravity. But this is inaccurate. It would be clear that the two theories of gravity complement one another in a way that we are unable to comprehend because of our incomplete knowledge of physical space. The extra-nuclear space structure that surrounds every large entity is created by the new conception of space and the new mass-space interactions [1], which supports Newtonian theory of gravity. This article uses the new fundamental interactions between mass and space to explain gravity. According to the new theory, matter is a mass-space integral system at every moment and space itself is physical. It is a space-mass integral system since physical space also contains space matter particles. The fundamental interactions of the fundamental elements (mass and space) are 1) the attraction between mass and space, 2) the repulsion between space and space, and 3) the repulsion between mass and mass [2]. In this article, the new fundamental interactions of mass and space are used to derive Newton’s gravitational equation. There is enough room to comprehend many facets of the mechanics of the solar system.

Key words: Gravity, Cause of gravity, Mass-space interaction, Cause of space-time curvature, Significance of space-time curvature.

Discussion

Newton conceptualized matter is something that has mass and occupies space. Space perceived by him was relational. Hence the attraction one matters to another is due to mass-mass attraction. If mass-attracts-mass then all mass of universe would collapse to form a large single mass, but it does not happen. Again due to mass-mass attraction the free atoms and molecules in the atmosphere of the earth would settle down to the surface of the earth which also does not happen. This breeds doubt on mass-mass attraction even though Newtonian equation of gravity has been verified experimentally and successful in explaining the dynamics of celestial bodies in solar system. On the other hand, Einstein conceptualized gravity through space-time curvature. According to Einstein mass does not attract mass but mass interacts with space and warp it by pushing or pulling. Einstein was able to explain the excess motion of the mercury at perihelion from his concept of gravity. We notice one gravitational effect but two diverse concepts. One accepts mass-mass interaction (attraction) and the other accepts mass-space interaction (attraction). Einstein conceptualized space as physical entity thereby he perceived the mass-space interaction. 

This author made a humble attempt to harmonize the diverse concepts of gravity by altering the concept of matter and space in the light of Vedic science. According to Vedic science the universe is constituted of Panchamohabhuta (Prithvi, Jal, Vayu, Agni and Akash). These constituents may be interpreted as solid, liquid, gas, plasma and space. In modern science, solid, liquid, gas and plasma corresponds to different states of matter. Thus, the basic constituents of the universe reduce to mass and space, both being physical. Again according to Ayurveda all substances are mixture of 5 basic elements (panchamohabhuta), but substances have one major element. The substances are classified according to the major element present in it. Incorporating the above concept of Ayurveda in modern science reveals, matter associates space and space associates space matter particles in finer domain. This is feasible only if an interaction (attraction) exists between mass and space.  Due to mass-space attraction, the mass of a nucleus celestial body or the mass of an atomic nucleus attracts space from surrounding and forms an extra-nuclear space structure surrounding the mass (nucleus). The space structure remains associated with the nucleus forming one integral system. Physical space is elastic hence it is compressible. Higher space density (space content per unit volume) could be found in compacted spaces. The inverse square law is also followed by the law of mass-space attraction. With the maximum space density at the surface of the nucleus and the lowest space density at the boundary of the space structure approaching the background space density, the related extra-nuclear space of each nucleus has a space density graded structure. As a result, one atom may store significantly more space than the space content of equal volume of background space medium. Hence an atomic system or a celestial body system is the store house of both mass and space in a background space medium. The amount of space associated with the nucleus is proportional to the mass of the nucleus. The nucleus and the extra-nuclear space structure move and rotate together as one integral system. The extra-nuclear space structure is not a rigid body therefore the spatial spinning-velocity of space structure does not maintain a constant angular velocity. It is governed by make-and-break of gravitational bonding discussed below.

Spatial spinning velocity of extra-nuclear space structure

Any space pocket in extra-nuclear space structure of a celestial body has specific space-density as well as number-density of space matter particles in proportion to the space density. The space density of extra-nuclear space structure is formed due to attraction of mass of the nucleus to the surrounding space. Again due to space-mass attraction the space matter particles are captured by dense space. The space content of extra-nuclear structure is proportional to the mass content of the nucleus and the density of space matter particles is proportional to the density of space (space content per unit volume). The space and space matter particle form one integral system. This is the reason why atomic and molecular particles (space matter particles) in the atmosphere of a celestial body do not settle down on to the surface of the celestial body due to gravity. The space matter particles sense gravity but they are not free to move within space. The space matter particles in space matrix form a composite space fluid and the composite space fluid (air) moves up or down under differential gravity. The space content of extra-nuclear space structure of a celestial body experiences attraction from the mass of the nucleus celestial body and the mass content of space matter particles in space structure experiences centrifugal force when the extra-nuclear space structure of a celestial body rotates. Thus the composite space fluid senses both gravity and centrifugal force.

The space fluid (space structure containing space matter particle) in contact with the surface of a celestial body makes gravitational bonding and rotates at same angular speed as that of the celestial body. It is for this reason we do not experience any relative wind speed due to rotation and revolution of the earth. For example a celestial body rotating at an angular velocity ꭃ has its lower level space-structure spinning at same angular velocity ꭃ. As the distance of space pocket from the nucleus body increases gravity decreases inversely as the square of distance but centrifugal force increases directly with distance. 

The centripetal force (gravity) on an air pocket is given by 

G MEMa/R2  

And the centrifugal force on the air pocket (CF) is given by Maꭃ2 R

(Where CF= Centrifugal force; ME = Mass of the earth; Ma= Mass of air pocket; ꭃ = Angular velocity of air pocket; R= Radial distance of air pocket from center of the earth.)

When R increases, gravity decreases rapidly and CF increases linearly. At some distance (R=Rc), CF becomes equal to Gravity. Beyond Rc the CF is greater than gravity. Thus the gravitational bond breaks off and the motive torque to rotate the air pocket vanishes. Thereafter the spinning speed of air pocket slows down due to its bonding link with non-spinning inter planetary space. When the spinning speed slows down, the CF reduces and gravitational coupling is re-established. Thus the spinning speed (the spatial tangential velocity vt) of space medium assumes values given by the following equation.

vt = √ (GM/R) 

The gravitational equation following mass-mass attraction does not change even when the cause of gravity is identified as mass-space interaction. This is discussed subsequently.

An artificial satellite with orbital distance less than Rc is required to revolve at higher angular speed than the angular speed of the spinning medium to remain in orbit. Such a satellite, if left to itself would quickly slow down its orbital velocity due to the relative velocity between orbital body and the space medium and gravitate towards the central body. But the orbital body orbiting above Rc has the same orbital velocity as that of its adjacent space medium, hence there is no resistance to orbital motion from the space medium. The spinning space fluid is an operator for changing linear momentum to angular momentum by continuously changing the direction of motion of orbital body. This is the basic mechanism in conservation of angular momentum of orbital celestial bodies. A float on spinning water in a bucket makes circular motion where the direction of motion of the float changes continuously by the effect of spinning water. 

Gravitational equation from mass-space attraction

Consider the gravitational interaction between atom 1 and atom 2 (or between celestial body 1 and celestial body 2) from mass-space attraction (Fig.1). Atom 1 has mass m1 and space holding s1 and atom 2 has mass m2 and space holding s2. The line of action of attraction forces lies on the line joining the centre of mass and the centre of the compact space of the atoms. To avoid overlapping of the force interactions they are shown in schematically. The attraction between m1 and s2 is shown as 1 and the attraction between m2 and s1 is shown as 2.