“Hiranmayena patrena satya-syapi-hitam mukham,  

                                                                                                 Tattvam pusannapavrnu satya-dharmaya drstaye.” 

                                                                                                  Means: 

                                                                                                 “The face of Truth is covered by a golden lid; 

                                                                                                  remove, O‘ Sun, that covering for me; 

                                                                                                 the practitioner of Truth, So that I may behold It.” 

                                                                                                                                                                                             –Isavasya Upanishad||5|| 

“The fairest thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and science. He who knows it not and can no longer wonder, no longer feel amazement is as good as dead, a snuffed out candle.” 

                                                                                                                                                                                             – Albert Einstein 

Mysticism vs. Religiosity and Spirituality 

Ever since the dawn of human civilization, been keenly observing the nature in its grandeur and man has vastness, along with its rich diversity of fleeting existences. This has not only inspired awe and wonder in him but also curiosity and courage to address the mystery behind all these that he observed and experienced. This was possible only when the basic needs of food, shelter and security for survival was ensured. But since then the inquisitive human mind has been struggling to comprehend all aspects of nature within himself and outside as well asking even very deep questions about temporal and eternal, about Truth and Reality, about the source of all existence, about the origin and the cause behind all occurrences. Man has been continuing his search even till today in every possible way with all different resources or capabilities available within his body, mind and intellect; to find satisfactory answers to all those questions. This perennial pursuit for comprehending nature with all its hues has been the natural obsession with man at all ages, which has given rise at first to various kinds of thoughts of religiosity and spirituality with all their idealistic and mystical dimensions and subsequently later in nineteenth century to objective materialism of Science in logico-rational dimensions. 

       We may first reflect upon this initial flowering of religiosity in human mind for understanding the world that seemed to be shrouded with mystery all around. To unfold this mystery to certain extent, the primitive mind must have been stretched in all possible ways and activated with all kinds of imaginations, sometimes very naively with a feeling of fear or awe and wonder. In this process it must have brought to the fore divine causes behind all the mysterious natural phenomena. It must have therefore created myths and legends, fancy stories and fictions to weave them all in a religious fabric. Albert Einstein had a statement in this regard which we may quote here as follows: 

“With primitive man it is above all fear that evokes religious notions-fear of hunger, wild beasts, sickness, death. Since at this stage of existence understanding of causal connection is unusually poorly developed, the human mind creates illusory beings more or less analogous to itself on whose wills and actions these fearful happenings depend. Thus one tries to secure the favor of these beings by carrying out actions and offering sacrifices, which according to the tradition handed down from generation to generations, propitiate them or make them well disposed to a mortal.” 

                                                                                                                                                             Albert Einstein, in Ideas and Opinions p.36-3

Thus early man saw divine signature in natural forces and believed them as gods or goddesses with different attributes whose favors can be sought for through prayers and worships, rites and rituals. With little more maturity of mind and scholarly attitude, some wiser men in the past contemplated deeply and intuitively to the extent of losing their own self in deep quietude to emerge after a sudden flash of illuminating revelations regarding the mystery. This could happen, as it is told, in an elevated state of consciousness providing a good grasp over the mystery surrounding the apprehended truth behind. This also leads to the realization of divinity already within one’s own self. Swami Vivekananda said that each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this divinity within by controlling nature external and internal to be totally free. This in fact is the essence of religion. Doctrines and dogmas, rituals and mythology, philosophy and theology are only the periphery of religion. According to Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the famous philosopher-statesman of India, Religion is the participation in the mystery of being to find wisdom or insight into reality. “Religion is realization. Religion is being and becoming. Religion is the manifestation of divinity already in man.” – Thus said Swami Vivekananda in defining religion. Thus religion with all its philosophy, rituals and practices can acquire meaning and significance only when it culminates in its spiritual dimensions as above leading to direct or immediate perception of the supreme Truth or Reality. Theist could call this God realization, or “seeing God” as Christ himself called it i.e. the vision of God-head and so on. Such systems of thought and practices including all its naivety as well as the scholastic elements were prevalent from the earliest era of human civilization, which has been today. This, including sorcery, occultism, rites, rituals, prayers and worship as well as the rigorous spiritual practices like meditation etc., has been the characteristics providing a mystical dimension to almost all the religious traditions of the world. But one thing must be emphasized that as far as the content of spirituality and the mystical realizations are concerned, the sameness and commonness of the core of all religious traditions are fundamentally not different inspite of differing practices, rituals, theologies and philosophies. The same God is reached through different paths and the realization of the same spiritual content and mystical insights are described in different languages and different forms in various religions. 

It would be worthwhile here to point out the ancient trends of thought in different parts of the world prevalent in the great religions like Taoism/Confucianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam apart from Hinduism, which shaped the major civilizations that exist today. These religions seem to be quite at odds with each other when we look at their exoteric forms such as their rites, rituals, prayers and practices as well as their fundamental doctrines about the nature of Reality. However if we dig more deeply, we find within each of these religious traditions an inner stream of mystical teachings proclaimed by those seers, who had a direct realization of the ultimate nature of Reality. These seers or sages, saints or wisemen are termed as mystics according to the present parlance. If we compare the testimonies of these so called mystics about the nature of this Reality, we find that despite vast separations in time, place, language and culture; they were strikingly similar. Therefore one may view these teachings as constituting a single perennial philosophy like an irrepressible cosmic wave train arising again and again in the human psyche. For example the commonality of this perennial philosophy in all the great traditions can be illustrated through several samples of quotes by mystics of respective religions on several points demonstrating the same concept. 

In all religions it is believed that the ultimate Reality, be it called Brahman (Hinduism), Buddha-nature (Buddhism), Tao-the way (Taoism), Ein-sof (Judaism), Allah (Islam) or God (Christianism); is spiritual in nature, which cannot be grasped by thought or expressed in words. The spirit-supreme as it is thought is immeasurable, inapprehensible, beyond conception, beyond reasoning, beyond thought and never born. 

In Hindu mystical tradition, it is asserted emphatically that such super sensory experiences and perceptions of a definite subtle reality can be attainable by a human being in this very body but by means beyond the senses. These experiences are transcendent as they transcend the sense perceptions. This perception is born of subtle intuition through the mystical process called ‘Yoga’, which has been vividly elaborated in Vedic Upanishads. Similarly the Lankavatara Sutra of Buddhism says that words and sentences are produced by the law of causation and are mutually conditioning for which 

they cannot express the highest and the ultimate Reality. The Taoist Lao Tzu said that “the Tao which can be named is not the True Tao”. Ibn Arabi, a muslim mystic said that “The Gnostics know, but what they know cannot be communicated. It is not in the power of the possessors of this most delightful station….to coin a word which would denote what they know.” According to the 5th century Christian mystic Pseudo Dionysius, the Areopagite- “That one which is beyond all thought is inconceivable by all thought.” In fact all mystics ultimately speak of similar kind experiences although in different languages. Therefore Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa once said, “All jackals ultimately howl alike.” All mystics are essentially spiritual seekers with an insatiable passion and irresistible pull of a God-hungry soul craving for God. The God-hungry or god-thirsty soul, the hallmark of a spiritual seeker or mystic, then finds in God or the supreme reality; appeasement, contentment, joy and peace. The state of spiritual hunger is the commonest feeling or emotion among the practitioners of all religions. The nature of the experience of being overwhelmed after the realization of the supreme truth as God may differ from one religion to another; but the content is the same, though expressed differently. The sense of wonder and awe that the spiritual seeker experiences in the overwhelming majesty and splendor of God’s presence is identical across religious boundaries. It goes beyond even the sphere of religion to share its grounds with the higher reaches of the so-called materialistic science. In this context, it is worth quoting the statement of Albert Einstein; “My religion consists of a humble adoration of an Illimitable Intelligence that our dull faculties can comprehend only in the most primitive forms”. He also further wrote that “The most profound and the most sublime emotion one can feel is the sensation of the mystical. It is truly the sower of all science. He who is a stranger to this emotion, who can no longer stand and wonder in rapt awe, is as good as dead. To know that what is impenetrable really exists, manifesting itself as the highest Wisdom and the most radiant Beauty, which our dull faculties of the senses can comprehend only in the most primitive form; this feeling is the center of true religiousness. This cosmic mystic consciousness is the main spring of all scientific research.” 

The state of being overwhelmed and thrown overboard with one’s own little self and casting off one’s own stupid ego altogether has been called by Hindu spiritual aspirants as “Samadhi”. Buddhist seekers call this ego-annihilation or extinction as ‘Nirvana’. The aspirations, the strivings and struggles of spiritual seekers of all religions which focus on the central theme of seeking God become ultimately richly rewarding in seeing Him, perceiving Him in all beings and serving Him with love and devotion through His manifestations in various forms and names in nature and all beings. Having come in touch with God’s compassion and glory, the spiritual seeker gets direct knowledge of cooling graces, the spiritual seeker longs to jump head long into the infinite ocean of God’s Love and Sweetness. In an impersonal language of the knowledge seeker called ‘Jnani’, the aspirant longs to melt away into and become one with the supreme Truth or Reality. Sri Ramakrishna states. “A salt doll went to measure the depth of the ocean. Who would remain to tell of the ocean”?  The spiritual seeker like the salt doll, was happy to bathe in the cool waters of the ocean, but soon realized that he was to lose himself in the ocean gladly and willingly in order to realize the infinitude of the Supreme Reality, in spirit and in truth. This is the supreme bliss experienced as a climax when the seeker (Drusta), the sought (Drusya) and the process of seeking all melt and merge into one-ness of the soul. This is the unitive experience of the mystics. Sri Ramakrishna, having realized and seen his dearest God head whom he called as the Divine Mother Kali, intuited Her nearer than his own breath, longed to realize this Divine in ever so many forms in ever so many varieties. He wanted to know how Christians prayed and realized God, how the Muslims worshipped and realized God and so on. He also longed to realize God in the impersonal aspect as formless and nameless, as consciousness, as light supreme beyond all lights. It is said that Ramakrishna, the spiritual Guru of Swami Vivekananda tasted and experienced God in variety of ways, through various. Religious paths as well as the innumerable paths of Hinduism, into which he was born. This is in fact the hallmark of the mystic, who is like a glutton in the spiritual realm, never satisfied with realizing Him in one particular way only. This attitude and approach of a mystic is the common characteristics in almost all religious paths. To dive deep into the ocean of God’s presence, with its infinite beauty and glory to taste his divine grace, love and compassion in ever so many varieties is the passion and the urge cutting across all religious bearings which unifies and also enriches all religions and faiths. 

In spite of all these generalities that we discussed about mysticism of all the various world religions; it is no doubt that the Hindu mystical tradition would stand out with its uniqueness in its depth of perception, clarity of expression and assertiveness with its spiritual contents vividly experimented and experienced contemplatively and intuitively over thousand years by sages and seers starting from the Vedic era. When logico-rational thinking based on today’s scientific materialism had not taken its roots firmly anywhere in the world during the ancient and medieval period; sages and seers and Wiseman of the East on this Indian subcontinent had accomplished their goal without renouncing their journey in search of the ultimate Reality in such a spiritual path. They believed firmly that the ultimate Truth being spiritual in nature is beyond sense perception and intellectual comprehension. This subtle Reality can only be directly accessible by subjective experience through appropriate meditative practices. This philosophy had been vividly narrated in innumerable number of texts in various ways by so many sages and seers, saints and spiritual seekers, mystics and Wiseman over thousands of years that have no parallel in any other religious traditions. This, we would address in separate chapters to bring it to fore that the so called mysticism is in fact quite natural and there is nothing mystical or mysterious about the truth discovered through the transcendental power of Yoga in the spiritual realm. It is not supernatural although super sensory. The class of perceptions through the senses when classified, analyzed and explored is called ‘Science’, or more precisely it is the science of matter. Matter, though not understood fully even in the highest levels of science, can be simply defined as something measurable and perceivable by the senses. Therefore anything that is not measurable and not amenable to sense perception like feelings, emotions, values mental state, psychic phenomena etc. belonging to the inner realm could be classified as non-matter. Perceptions of these non-material realm born of the subtle intuition through the mystical yogic processes are also classified, analyzed and explored to be called in other words as spirituality or more precisely “Science of the spirit”. Both “Science” and “Spirituality” have their definite laws governing them. The Hindu mystics therefore say that the truths of the spiritual realm are as natural as the truths of the scientific realm of matter. But it is only our ignorance of the laws pertaining to the spiritual realm that makes us feel that they are super-natural and hence mystical. It is just like a person ignorant of the scientific laws of matter, who may give some mysterious explanation of the lunar and solar eclipses as the works of some supernatural beings – such as the demon Rahu or Ketu gobbling up moon or Sun in the process. Similarly, ignorance of the laws of spirituality, the science of the spirit; would lead to some queer, weird and supernatural explanations for the so called mystical experiences. Mysticism is thus quite natural, rational and simple as much as emotions like love, joy, sense of beauty and wonder. But rationality and logic of the present mind trained to translate and analyze the sensory inputs only are not adequate to understand the mystical states of experience. An altogether different training of the mind with purification and refinement of the intellect are sine qua non for such understanding; which has been emphasized in Yogic practices. Thus the mystic experiences do not contradict reason, but they do transcend the reason as we ordinarily understand it.  

Science vs. Spirituality 

Ancient India was a land whose ideas and thoughts were free flowing in all possible directions covering all possible aspects of inner as well as the outer world perceived both by extra-sensory or usual sensory modes. so as to make the Indian civilization as one of the unique civilization in the world with a vibrant and comprehensive tradition of spiritual as well as natural science flourishing simultaneously together. The sages and seers of this land who contributed to this rich culture as great thinkers were also scholars and scientists in their own capacity. This aspect would be separately discussed at appropriate place in a subsequent chapter. However the purpose of mentioning it here is to contrast the situation in western scenario, where science and religion were locked in a protracted battle over a long period. Ultimately by seventeenth century onwards, Science could raise its head and quickly gain ground by the established methods of analysis and experimental observations based on quantitative mathematical logic. The explanatory power of science exploded in due course and with it humanity’s capacity to manipulate and control nature. Thus the emergence of science could narrate a story of how human mind accessed intimate knowledge of the workings of the Universe and how this expertise ultimately contributed the marvels of technology as the greatest gifts. As a result the idealistic world view of the Middle Ages was soon replaced by materialistic world view. According to this view, Nature worked according to mechanical laws and everything in this material world could be explained in terms of the arrangements and movements of the constituent parts. The material universe is like a machine and nothing but a machine and therefore all its workings are absolutely determinable and predictable with all accuracy. Matter is the prime constituent of nature which has no purpose, life or spirituality. This mechanical picture of nature became the dominant paradigm of science in the nineteenth century. It guided all scientific observations and formulations of all theories of natural phenomena giving absolute faith on this scientific method to give exact knowledge of truth and reality concerning nature. Hence the core essence of all religious traditions, the spiritual philosophy etc. was not granted any adequate legitimacy by the scientific community by categorizing it as ‘Mysticism’ to mean it as totally baseless, unclear, vague and confused thinking. Considering spirituality as mere speculative thoughts from subjective experiences, it has not been usually acceptable as an intellectual scheme. It is believed on the other hand that science being based on pure reason and intellect can be made verifiable and evidential enough to be considered as the only legitimate path to gain accurate knowledge of the Truth and the Reality. 

Nevertheless, the goal of spirituality and science being primarily the same to search for the Truth and Reality, it is mainly the notion about what constitutes the Truth and how it can be known appears to be different. While Science claims its scientific truths could be objectively tested and verified empirically; spirituality apparently demands its Truths to be experienced only subjectively in a meditative mode to be accepted mostly on faith and beliefs. There appears also the discord regarding the fundamental nature of Reality. Spirituality insists that the ultimate nature of Reality is spiritual which is not accessible to human sensory perceptions and intellectual deliberations and apart from this spiritual Reality, nothing would or could have the ultimate existence. On the other hand, science, adopting a strictly materialistic paradigm argues that everything could be reduced to and explained by the interactions of independently existing material parts or its sub structural constituents and the physical forces which act on them. For centuries people hoped that the abstract mathematical understanding of the physical world provided the way by which science would shed light on the true nature of reality as stated above.

However, in an act of cosmic irony, the expanding continent of knowledge provided by science found itself surrounded by ever longer shores of ignorance. Being able to probe the unseen atomic and subatomic world towards the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century science had discovered at its heart what is called the quantum weirdness. Subatomic particles like electrons, protons etc. which constitute an atom, including the atom also, display two contradictory properties such as a wave or as a particle depending on if and how they are observed. This is called the wave-particle duality. Science also encountered an insurmountable fundamental physical limit on how much it can ever reveal information about a particle, which is popularly described as the uncertainty principle. Hence at the subtle quantum level of reality, any certainty is lost and measurements can only be expressed as probabilities. For instance, the location of an elementary particle is probabilistic in the sense that it could be observed anywhere in the universe at the same instant no matter even if with sufficiently low probabilities. As a result, a subatomic particle can appear at places which should otherwise be impossible. This is called quantum tunneling. The discovery of a zoo of elementary particles and its mirror world of anti-matter particles revealed a far greater structure to reality which any one had not dared to dream of. Empty spaces which we may now call quantum vacuum was found to be permeated with energy and nothingness became something called zero point energy, which has been described and experimentally observed through what is called Casimir effect. Dramatically the very act of measuring a quantum system changes its properties, appearing to give the observer a special status, such as the choice of an observer in some experiment at one moment could alter even the past. This is called the delayed choice experiment. There are many other perplexing enigmas as one encounters in the quantum realm which we may elaborately address in a separate chapter highlighting the progress, prospects and limitations of science, ultimately demanding a significant change in the materialistic paradigm. Thus in the last one hundred years, science has experienced dramatic revolutions in its new discoveries that has been, quite literally, world shattering. This revolution was mainly due to the advent of special theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein and the quantum Physics, which completely changed our ideas and understandings about the nature of space, time, matter and energy. It totally shattered the materialist world-view supported by the older classical Newtonian science. One of the founder of quantum Physics, Werner Heisenberg described the situation in these words: 

“Quantum theory has led the physicists far away from the simple materialistic views that prevailed in natural science of nineteenth century. In short, Quantum Physics has rendered the materialistic paradigm scientifically untenable.” 

Again the fundamental reality which Quantum Physics described is not at all incompatible with that testified by spirituality. For instances the paradoxical form of expressions in describing the sub-atomic phenomena both as waves and as particles had to be resorted in Quantum Physics. But these two concepts are mutually exclusive, because certain entity cannot be a particle (localized in space) and a wave (a field spread over an extended region of space) at the same time. However the two aspects taken together complimenting each other as wave-particle duality is the characteristics called complementarity principle. This aspect along with many other Quantum weirdness we hinted earlier are no less mystical. Mysticism also characterizes what they call ‘Reality of realities’ as the whole that comprises the eternal as well as the temporal. 

Another perception regarding the relationship between subject and object is also worth mentioning here. John S. Bell, a physicist mathematician remarked that “the subject object distinction is indeed at the root of the unease that many people feel in connection with Quantum Physics. Some such distinction is dictated by the postulates of the theory, but exactly where or when to make it is not prescribed”. This enigma has been addressed in mysticism. According to Hindu mysticism as expressed by the mystic Anandamayi Ma; – 

“Seer-seeing-seen; three there are modifications created by the mind, superimposed on the all-pervading consciousness”.

Similarly the Tibetan Buddhist Master Long Chen Pa declares that: – 

“There is no duality of mind and the object and its perceiver is void in essence.” 

In fact it is not only in science, the situation in both science as well as religion has changed dramatically by the early of this twenty first century to such an extent that we must rethink and re-examine the terms in which the whole controversy between science and spirituality had been cast in yester years. During the last century, there has also been a veritable explosion in our knowledge and understanding of humanity’s great religious traditions through the availability of large number of new translations of sacred texts from around the world. There have also been ample cross-cultural interactions providing better understanding amongst people of different cultural backgrounds. As a result our basic understanding about spirituality has been reshaping significantly over these years. It has been made clear that, at the core of all major religions, there exists an underlying mystical thought which exhibits a remarkable degree of cross-cultural agreement. More interestingly these apparently mystical ideas and teachings resemble in many respects with several aspects of modern science as pointed out briefly earlier. Although it is said that this so called mysticism recognizes faith to play a significant role in the spiritual journey, it also at the same time insists that faith alone is not enough. If faith solidifies into dogmatic belief, it becomes an obstacle to further progress. Therefore Buddha used to advise his disciples not to rest on mere faith and admonished his followers by saying that “As the wise tests gold by burning, cutting and rubbing it on a piece of touch stone; so are you to accept my words after examining them and not out of regard for me.” 

Thus as scientific truths are claimed to be verifiable by observations made within the contexts of various kinds of physical experiments; spiritual truths can similarly be verified by the insight gained within the context of various kinds of spiritual practices including meditation. In Indian Vedic tradition, a very effective physical technology in the name of ‘Yogic Processes’ as elaborated in Patanjali Yoga- Sutra had been developed to train the body and the mind of the spiritual practitioners which is to be followed to obtain direct contemplative experience of the truth. Hence mystical teachings as well cannot really be understood until one’s own contemplative experience confirms it. So it implies that spirituality that begins with faith ultimately ends in a certainty; which each one must discover in one’s own practice. 

But despite all these, a significant number in the scientific community do not accept spiritual knowledge to be as objectively true as the scientific knowledge since after all it is entirely based on subjective experience only. On this point it would be very illuminating to record the views of Bertrand Russel, the philosopher from his book – An inquiry into Meaning and Truth – where he remarks on the so called objectively true scientific knowledge as follows: 

“We all start from ‘naive realism’ i.e. the doctrine that things are what they seem. We think that grass is green, that stones are hard and that snow is cold. But physics assures us that the greenness of grass, hardness of stones and the coldness of snow are not the greenness, hardness and coldness that we know in our own experience, but something very different. The observer, when he seems to himself to be observing a stone, is really, if physics is to be believed; observing the effects of the stone upon himself. Thus science seems to be at war with itself, when it most means to be objective, it finds itself plunged into subjectivity against its will. Naïve realism leads to Physics and Physics, if true, shows that naive realism is false. Therefore naive realism, if true, is false; therefore it is false.” 

Here, what Russel refers to as ‘Naive Realism’ is a core concept in classical philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind; which means that our senses allow us to perceive objects directly without any intervening process. In other words objects of sense perception are not merely any representations of external objects, but are in fact the external objects themselves as they are. These objects obey the laws of physics and retain all of their properties regardless of whether or not there is any one to observe them. They are composed of matter, they occupy space having properties such as shape, size, texture, smell, taste, color and other properties that are usually perceived correctly. However according to Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics by Bohr and Heisenberg etc. material objects before observation by the observer may have only certain potentialities or tendencies for various properties. Act of observation by observer only makes them appear with some definite properties. Accordingly naïve realism is contrasted with some form of idealism to claim that no world exists apart from mind dependent ideas and our conscious experience through the sense data is not of the real world but rather of an internal representation of the world. Therefore in twentieth century social psychologists also argue against the stance of ‘Naive realism’ proposing instead that perception is inherently subjective. John Locke, the notable English Philosopher held that the world only contains the primary entities or objects that feature in a corpuscular an scientific account of the world and the secondary properties or qualities are in some sense subjective and depend for their existence upon the presence of some perceiver who can observe the objects. Finally we must quote a no less mystic, twentieth century scientist and philosopher, Albert Einstein addressed in particular to the Scientists as an eye opener; – “Everyone who is seriously in the pursuit of science becomes convinced that a spirit is manifest in the laws of the universe – a spirit of man and one in the face of which we with our modest power must feel humble.” 

Such points of apparent convergence between science and mysticism unfolded during the recent centuries have been very exciting. This has certainly opened up possibility of creating a new sacred world-view in which both science and mysticism would be seen as distinct and yet complementary ways of exploring and explaining the same underlying reality. 

Conclusion 

Therefore in the changing scenario, as discussed above, it would be intellectually very useful to revisit the mystical teachings of the religious traditions with particular emphasis on Indian contributions to this thought system to bring it into new light of scientific acceptability in certain clear terms whichever possible. This would be convincing enough when we would remind ourselves of the inadequacy of classical Newtonian science with its limitations in the microscopic material realm. The subsequent modern scientific view about space, time, matter and energy as pictured in theory of relativity along with the observer-object connection in transforming probabilistic existence of quantum reality to actuality as described in Quantum theory must also be discussed to certain extent. Then only it may be apparent that spirituality and science are in fact referring to the same contents but in different languages, one metaphorically which the other mathematically through different modes of realization such as one contemplatively and the other intellectually only. In the chapters to follow we would venture to achieve this goal, though may not be totally exhaustive by itself.

Abstract

Newton asserted that time passes uniformly regardless of what happens in the cosmos. Einstein supported the idea that time runs differently depending on the position in space. This author contends that time is not a fluid (physical substance) that can flow. Due to the interaction of mass and space, simultaneous events happen in the dynamic universe. There are certain events that are more dynamic than others. We utilize the dynamism of the planet as a benchmark for evaluating the relative dynamisms of occurrences. An event’s duration decreases as its dynamism increases. Time is simply a mathematical parameter; it is not a physical entity. An earthly day (time) is created by the earth’s regular rotational motion. Any event has dynamism by nature; hence time is a derived parameter for its duration. Dynamism therefore takes precedence over time.

Introduction

The universe is always dynamic. Thus the constituents of the universe are in dynamic state hence the constituents are always in motion. The basic constituents of the universe are matter and space. In the new concept, matter contains space and space contains space matter particles in finer domain. When matter moves in space it implies a mass-space integral system moves in a mass-space integral medium. This is perceivable from the motion of a solid in a liquid. The motion of a body in physical space medium takes place by displacing the medium. But in the present concept it is erroneously presumed that the body moves in empty space medium without causing displacement of the medium. The universe is a mass-space continuum therefore motion of any matter in space is essentially the motion of a mass-space system in another mass-space system. We are able to see the dynamism of a moving system. The duration (time) for a particular displacement varies depending on the dynamism of the system. As a result, time is a derived unit and dynamism (velocity) is the fundamental one.. Time is not a physical entity but only a dynamic state property of a physical entity by virtue of motion. Time has no physical significance and is redundant for a static universe or a static object in a stationary universe. Any physical entity, in motion has dynamism as its state property. An object with a given dynamism, executes particular displacement during the particular angular displacement of the earth. Therefore, we only evaluate the dynamism of a system relative to the invariant dynamism of the earth, taken as standard. The rotational dynamism of the earth is invariant hence used to evaluate the relative dynamism of dynamic systems on earth. One complete rotation of the earth makes a day of earthly time. This concept has contradiction with the mindset that the earth takes a day where time flows independent of event. The time entity is not a physical entity therefore it cannot flow by itself. A moving object has its dynamism/time. It may be made clear that only physical fluids have the ability to flow. The new concept, ‘dynamism’ as the fundamental entity provides a better significance of space-time which means the moving space. Space being physical there is no difficulty in perceiving the motion of space and perceiving the dynamics of objects in moving space. 

New interpretation of time

Time is a parameter of every event. For an eventless static universe time has no meaning. The dynamism of events differs from one to another. Different objects move at different velocity hence their dynamisms are different. We have no means to know the absolute velocity or the absolute dynamism of any event. We can only characterize the relative velocity or relative dynamism of a system relative to some invariant dynamism as standard. The rotation of the earth is an invariant dynamism therefore it is used as a standard to evaluate the relative dynamism of systems. Watches are artificial machines made to represent the invariant dynamism of the earth. Thus, either the rotating earth or the rotating arms of a watch can be used for evaluation of relative dynamism of systems. The watch runs and events also run (progress) hence the dynamism of any event can be easily compared with the dynamism of the watch. For example, the dynamisms of two boys running to cross a fixed distance can be observed and it is also possible to say, whose dynamism is more. The higher is the dynamism, the lesser is the duration of event (time). 

Thus, time is inversely proportional to dynamism. If we know the dynamism of a system, then time of the system can be calculated. Alternatively, if time of a system is known, then dynamism of the system can be determined. 

Significance of past, present and future

Earthly time is gauged from the invariant dynamism (rotation or revolution) of the earth as standard. We can trace backward from the uniform periodic motion of the earth through recording the number of revolutions or rotations of the earth in backward directions to date the past (our childhood) and project the same in forward direction from the present state of position to date the future (our old age). If the earth would have variable periodic motion, then knowing the past and the future would not be possible by counting the rotation or revolution of the earth.

Whether the dynamism or the time is primary?

If dynamism of a system is assumed primary (more fundamental to time), then time becomes a derived unit. Conversely, if time is assumed primary, then dynamism of system becomes a derived unit. One can observe the dynamism of an event but cannot observe the flow of time by looking at any event. Hence dynamism may be considered as the primary entity, and time (duration) as the derived entity. We are accustomed with objects having different dynamism (velocities) but not accustomed with different times of different moving objects.

Merits of making dynamism primary unit

According to Newton, absolute time exists independently of any perceiver and progresses at a consistent pace throughout the universe. Therefore, time is only a parameter of a dynamic system. It is easy to observe and perceive the dynamism of a system (an object in the state of motion) but difficult to realize the time parameter of a dynamic system.

One complete rotation of the earth makes a day (time unit of the earthly standard). This can be described in a different manner that time flows uniformly where the earth takes one day to complete one rotation. The uniform flow of time is a misconception, since time of the earth is only a parameter of uniform rotation of the earth. One complete rotation of the earth makes one day, earthly unit of time. This may be better realized from the following example.

Two boys started running together and reached the destination together. One said, ‘I completed my running in one hour time’. The other said, ‘I completed my running when the earth made a rotation of 15 degrees. The time parameter is convenient to express an event on the other hand the dynamism of an event relative to the dynamism of the earth helps to perceive the reality. If the earth changes its rotational dynamism, then earthly time would change, and the dynamism of watches would also require appropriate change to read the earthly time. How can we say that time flows uniformly irrespective of events in the universe when each event has its own time.

Highlight on new extra-nuclear space structure

In the new concept proposed by this author, space itself is physical and space is compressible. And matter at any stage is a mass-space integral system. Further any space pocket contains space matter particles in finer domain therefore it is also space-mass integral system. 

The new mass-space interaction is the cause of Newtonian gravity, and it explains how space-time curvature is formed surrounding any dense mass. Hence, it is also the cause of space-time gravity. Most importantly the mass-space interaction explains how the extra-nuclear space structure is formed surrounding every dense mass including atomic nucleus. And further, the new extra-nuclear space structure of atom reveals the true mechanism of atomic spectral emission. The associated extra-nuclear space structure surrounding any dense mass is an integral part of the dense matter system in any domain. The extra-nuclear space structure contains space matter particles in finer domain. The space structure organizes shell-subshell features. The shell, sub-shells provide accommodation to orbital bodies and orbital electrons in respective systems. The extra-nuclear shell structure emits discrete energy-level particles from the peaks of the shells when the system (nucleus with extra-nuclear structure with shell features) is excited. The orbital bodies in solar system or the orbital electrons in atomic system do not jump from one shell to another to result the spectral emission. These are discussed in separate talks.

New mass-space structure and dynamism of space

Due to mass-space attraction any dense mass in any domain attracts space from its surrounding and forms a space density graded structure around the nucleus. Again, due to same mass-space attraction the space structure associates space matter particles in finer domain. The nucleus and extra-nuclear space structure forms one integral system where the nucleus and extra-nuclear space structure move together and rotate together. Thus, the earth and its extra-nuclear space structure (atmosphere) extending beyond the moon move together and rotate together. Hence there is no relative velocity between the surface of the earth and the atmosphere in contact with the earth. Different space pockets in the associated extra-nuclear space structure of the earth have different velocity (dynamism) due to rotation and revolution of the earth. Likewise different space pockets in the associated extra-nuclear space structure of the sun have different velocity (dynamism) due to rotation and revolution of the sun. In the language of time, different space pockets have different times by virtue of their dynamism. The time of a space pocket influences the dynamics of matter in the said space pocket. A moving space medium has its time which is a function of velocity of the space medium. The dynamics of matter in 3D space having spatial variation of space density and velocity can be resolved if the space density profile and the velocity profile of the space medium in 3D geometry is known.  

No need to fuse space with time

Both 3D geometry of space medium and the spatial velocity of the space medium (or spatial time) are perceivable in the new physical concept of space but when the space and time are clubbed in a 4-D space-time geometry we fail to visualize the new 4D geometry and the curvature of space-time. When velocity and time parameters are introduced into 3D geometry, the shape, size and volume are distorted.  There is no need to construct an unperceivable 4D geometry of space-time for the purpose of mathematical solution of dynamics when the solution of dynamics is otherwise feasible using perceivable 3D geometry with spatial variation of space density and velocity of space medium (or spatial time) as a non-geometrical parameter of dynamics. 

Relational 3D geometry is applicable to all physical things having shape (material objects and space pockets). 3D geometry is enough to specify the shape, size, relative distance of solid objects or space pockets. There is perfect harmony between the mental picture of objects by visual observation and that of the 3D geometrical construct. Thus, there is no difficulty for mental perception of the geometrical construct. The length units are geometrical parameter. The other physical parameters such as mass, temperature, velocity, charge potential, time etc. are parameters of different state properties of matter or space therefore they are non-geometrical parameters. Both geometrical and non-geometrical parameters are required for the dynamics of matter in space. If the state properties are properly understood, then there should not be any problem for working out the dynamics in 3D space. Some non-geometrical parameters may have spatial variation of property having relation with geometrical coordinates even then it is not advisable to represent them through additional coordinates in 3D geometry thereby making it 4D geometry. The constructs of 4D space-time geometry distorts the shape and size of 3D construct thus making the 4D geometry beyond mental perception.  

Mathematically, if the solution of the dynamics of matter in space is feasible by fusing space with time, then there is no reason why the solution of dynamics would not be feasible mathematically by treating space and time separately. Why should then one fuse space & time and loose his mental perception of dynamics in 4-D geometry?

Unwarranted space-time geometry

In the new concept, space itself is a physical entity and it is compressible. Space does not become physical due to presence of space matter particles. Thus, different space pockets in the space structure of a celestial body have different space densities (space content per unit volume) due to mass-space attraction. In the new mass-space attraction every dense mass has a space density graded extra-nuclear space structure. Hence, different space pockets in extra-nuclear space structure of a celestial body have different space density, different number density of space matter particles and different velocities. These spatial properties of space pockets influence the dynamics of matter in space including the running of an atomic watch, however insignificant may it be. An object moving in a denser space medium when enters to a less dense space medium its velocity increases. The dynamism of an atomic watch also speeds up when it moves from a denser space medium background to a less dense space medium background.  It is difficult to perceive how the atomic watch runs faster in a low space density background in the present atomic model. However, one will find it easier to understand when he realizes the influence of background space potential in the new atomic structure. While following the existing atomic model we have no scope to understand how the atomic watch can speed up. In such situation it appeared, as if, time flows faster the farther away from the earth’s surface compared to the time on the surface of the earth. 

The 3D geometry is enough to locate a spot in space through three coordinates of geometry. The change of location of a spot means change of coordinates. If values of parameters (space density, number density of space matter particles, velocity or time) of a physical space pocket have definite correlation with the coordinates of 3D geometry then all state parameters can be clubbed to geometry only for mathematical solution of dynamics of matter in space. When the space density and dynamism (velocity) of space changes, the dynamics of an atomic watch changes, thereby the time it shows also changes. The state properties of space such as space density, number density of space matter particles decreases with increase of distance from the nucleus celestial body. The curve showing the spatial variation of any one state property in 3-D space would also read the other physical properties in different scales. The space density and presence of space matter particles in finer domain space pockets are not known to modern science. Sometimes virtual photons, mathematical objects and events are conceptualized in space structure to justify the physical nature of space. The reality is that space itself is physical and it does not require the presence of space matter particles or virtual objects or events to make space physical. In the new concept any space pocket in any domain associates space matter particles in finer domain and they too have a role in the dynamics of matter in space. 

Relevant relative motion for the dynamics

Any moving body essentially moves through a medium. The medium may be liquid, gas or the space fluid. The relative velocity between the moving object and the medium through which the object moves is of direct relevance to the dynamics. Because the medium interacts with the moving body causing opposing thrust and shear forces on the body thus has a role in the dynamics of matter. The relative motion of a body relative to an observer from a moving frame of reference is least concerned with the dynamics of the body because there is no interaction between the body and the observer.  If we fail to perceive the physical nature of space and the presence of space matter particles in finer domain, we will then fail to perceive the interaction of the space medium with the moving body. When the interactions with the less known structure of space medium is not considered in the dynamics, the equation of dynamics will not hold good. Some correction factor in the equation of dynamics has the scope of making the equation of motion functional. The hypotheses in support of justifications of the correction factor gains momentum and the supporting theory become the supreme theory in science despite their unrealistic nature. On the other hand, a clear understanding of the structure of space medium and its interaction with dynamic bodies moving through it gives scope to incorporate their effect in the dynamics thereby enabling Newton’s equation of motion to remain valid in all situations. 

New mass-space structure and dynamism of space

If the 3D space has spatial variation of velocity, then there would be spatial variation of time of the space. If the space density, number density of space matter particles and the velocity are varying spatially in 3D geometry then the dynamics of matter in said space can be worked out without moving to 4-D space-time geometry. For a rotating nucleus celestial body, the extra-nuclear space structure is also spinning about the same rotational axis. The extra-nuclear space structures of all rotating celestial bodies spins about their respective rotational axes and orbit the nucleus body along with the orbital body.

If we can not perceive the structure and velocity of a space pocket, then we cannot understand the role played by the dynamic space. When we miss the reality, we do make mistake by making different unrealistic hypotheses to somehow justify the dynamics.

Spatial velocity (or spatial time) within the extra-nuclear space structure of a spinning nucleus

The nucleus with extra-nuclear space structure is an integral system and not a rigid body; therefore different space pockets can have different angular velocity depending on nature of gravitational bonding with the nucleus. Any space pocket in extra-nuclear space structure of a celestial body has definite space density and contains space matter particles proportionate to space density. The space structure remains stable due to the mass-space attraction. The space content of the space-pocket experiences mass-space attraction from the mass of the nucleus (new gravity) and the space matter particles in the space pocket experiences centrifugal force due to rotation of the space medium along with the nucleus. Thus, the space pocket experiences both gravity and centrifugal force. Consider the dynamics of space medium in the equatorial plane of the nucleus body. If gravity is more than the centrifugal force, then the space pocket remains associated with the nucleus and rotates at same angular velocity as the angular velocity of the nucleus. With the increase of distance of space pocket from the nucleus the gravitational attraction decreases, and the centrifugal force increases. At some critical distance (r=r) gravity and centrifugal force becomes equal and the gravitational bonding of the outward space structure with the nucleus breaks off. Thereafter, the angular velocity of the outward space structure drops down due to resistance from stationary background space medium. At decreased angular velocity gravity becomes dominant over centrifugal force. Then the contact bonding re-establishes again, and the angular velocity increases. Space pockets in equatorial plane beyond re maintains their tangential velocity (v) given by V = √ (GM/r) for r greater than r. This relation remains valid for quite a long distance. But, beyond that, the tangential velocity of associated space structure gradually decreases and reaches zero at the boundary of the extra-nuclear space structure in contact with the stationary background space medium.

Geometrical and non-geometrical parameters of dynamics

Only physical things have shape, size and dimensions. Both matter and space are physical entities. Matter is a mass-space integral system and space contains space matter particles hence it is also a space-mass integral system. The shape, size, dimension and location of a material body or a space pocket can be fully described with the help of 3D geometry. The state properties of matter or space such as temperature, pressure, charge potential and dynamism (velocity) are not geometrical property. The shape and size of physical things represented by 3-D geometry does not foul with mental perception. The quantitative aspect of mass & space, the state properties of matter & space and the energy level & energy aspects of matter & space are non-geometrical parameters of dynamics of matter. Both matter and space are physical entities; therefore we can have two types of dynamics. 1) dynamics of matter relative to space medium where the space medium may be stationary or moving and 2) dynamics of space relative to matter where the reference matter may be stationary or moving.  Since concept of physical space is not very clear in modern science therefore the dynamic state of space is also not clear. 

We might consider some non-geometrical parameters of dynamics as additional dimensions of 3D geometry and find new method of solution of dynamics, but such a dynamics would foul with our normal perception. Therefore, it may be advisable not to club time with 3-D geometry. 

Conclusion

Geometry is equally applicable to matter as well as space, both being physical. The universe is a continuum of mass-space structure.  In the new concept, matter contains both mass and space and space contains space matter particles. Thus mass and space are actually fused in all forms of matter and space. Matter and space in motion inherits the time parameter. The dynamism/time is a quality that exists only in moving objects and moving space. One may argue that a moving space pocket is a fused space-time. For the purpose of solving any dynamical issue, the new idea of time is helpful.

Abstract

Mass and space are the only two formless basic physical constituents of the cosmos. The universal formless interaction feature of mass and space is what causes the formation, stability, and dissociation of various mass-space forms (things possessing name, form, and form-based interaction qualities). The mass-space structure of formed components (atom, molecule, things on the surface of the planet, celestial bodies, etc.) in distinct domains give rise to different form-based properties even though the basic interactions of mass and space are the cause of all formed based interactions. By achieving mass proportional space holding, every mass-space integral system in a region maintains equilibrium with other mass-space systems in the neighbourhood. All mass-space systems act in equilibrium in a neutral manner. A substance is an active substance in the environment if it exhibits non-equilibrium space holding in relation to other substances in its surroundings. Depending on the type of non-equilibrium caused by its elements in various domains, the active matter has distinct state qualities (electrical, thermal, and energy, etc.). Mass-space interactions are the primary source of all known natural forces. Therefore, the fundamental mass-space interaction is sufficient to comprehend the mass-space structure of matter in many domains.

Discussion

It has been indicated that space is a compressible fluid that is both physical and tangible. The basic components (mass and space) of the cosmos are believed to interact in three different ways. These interactions involve the forces of space-mass attraction, space-space repulsion, and mass-mass repulsion. The distribution of mass in space is extremely non-homogeneous throughout the cosmos. Even while homogeneity is visible at bigger sizes, it manifests as several sorts of non-homogeneity at ever-smaller domain scales. Although one may argue that the distribution of galaxies throughout the universe is homogenous, we are aware of non-homogeneity on smaller scales.  The sun is a mass-rich mass-space system with less space holding per unit of mass whereas the space-matter-particles in interstellar space have more space holding per unit of mass. The interstellar space is filled with space-rich space matter particles. Due to mass-space interactions, the mass-rich sun emits highly mass-rich particles to interstellar space (solar radiation) and receives space-rich space-matter-particles from interstellar space (background radiation). This exchange of mass rich and space rich particles forms the exchange radiation which tends to homogenize the mass and space of the universe. 

Fig. 1 shows the attraction of the dense mass of nucleus to the surrounding space represented by force vectors directed towards the nucleus. The strength of mass-space attraction is directly proportional to the mass of the nucleus & the density of space and inversely proportional to the square of distance.  Due to mass-space attraction the surrounding space is attracted towards the nucleus. The space does not collapse on to the surface of the nucleus due to space-space repulsion. The mass-space attraction and the space-space repulsion help to form the space structure around any nucleus.

The space structure remains associated with the nucleus thereby forming an integral mass-space system. A space density graded extra-nuclear space structure is built up around every nucleus. The space density (space content per unit volume) is highest at the surface of the nucleus and goes on decreasing outwardly. The space density at the boundary of extra-nuclear structure approaches the background space density. The nature of space density variation is shown in Fig. 2. The nucleus and the extra-nuclear space structure form one integral system. If the nucleus moves then the associated space structure also moves along with the nucleus. Again, if the nucleus rotates then the extra-nuclear space structure also rotates along with the rotation of the nucleus.

Further, due to mass-space attraction the space fluid attracts matter particles of finer domain and traps them in the space structure. These trapped matter particles in finer domain are termed as space matter particles. The space matter particles are integral part of space fluid. If space fluid flows then the space matter particles flow along with it. The space matter particles (atoms and molecules) in the atmospheric air of the earth experience the force of gravity of the earth but they do not accelerate towards the earth. In fact the space matter particles are not free in the space fluid to make independent motion as they form one integral system. Thus gravity causes vertical motion of air when the density of air changes but not the atoms and molecules. As of today it remains unsolved as to why gravity acts on group of molecules but not to individual molecules.The new mass-space attraction provides appropriate answer to the above phenomenon and it is no more a wonder. This establishes the new phenomenon of mass-space attraction.

The number density of space matter particles present in space fluid is directly proportional to the space density. The nature of distribution of space matter particles in the extra-nuclear space structure of any nucleus is shown in Fig. 3.

We know the atmospheric air contains atoms and molecules. This can be said in an alternate language that the extra-nuclear space structure of the earth contains atoms and molecules as space matter particles. Pressure within space fluid is caused by space-space repulsion and not due to the collision of molecules. Since the number density of space matter particles is directly proportional to the space density of the space fluid, one can mathematically evaluate pressure of a space fluid (gas) using kinetic theory of gas by making a hypothesis of random motion of molecules in gas. One may realize here as to how erroneous hypothesis, deviated away from reality of nature, is productive in expressing the laws of gas. 

The extra-nuclear space structure also contains orbital bodies. The extra-nuclear structure comprising the space density structure containing space matter particles and orbital bodies as conceptualized in the new concept is shown in Fig. 4.

The shell features in the extra-nuclear space structure of the earth (in lower atmosphere, upper atmosphere and far atmosphere) is also a general feature for all centrally organized mass-space structure. It becomes obvious that such shell features are also present in the extra-nuclear space structure of atomic system for the uniformity of nature. We have an erroneous conceptual understanding of the extra-nuclear structure of atom by a mathematical model of atom comprising only the nucleus and the orbital electrons. Thus the electrons in mathematical model unknowingly account for the atomic phenomenon contributed by the space density structure and the structure of space matter particles in it. Hence the orbital locations and their functional features in the mathematical atomic model deviate away from reality. When the natural structure of atom is disturbed, the space matter particles (photons) are released from shell-subshell structure at discrete energy level. There is no need to assume the electrons to create or absorb photon. To understand the mechanism of formation of shell features in extra-nuclear space structure requires the new understanding of non-electric charge in light particles. Therefore the shell-subshell features will be discussed in subsequent articles. 

Conclusion

We understand gravity in two different ways, viz. gravity due to mass-mass attraction (Newtonian gravity) and gravity from space-time curvature (Einstein’s gravity). Einstein proposed that every dense mass is surrounded by curved space which implies the existence of an un-noticed mass-space interaction. Both types of gravity produce effects, but gravity’s origin is a mystery. Both concepts of gravity are thought to have the same underlying source. Both Einstein’s space time gravity and Newtonian mass attraction gravity are caused by the mass-space attraction. Now we may not have to wonder why all masses of the universe do not collapse on to a massive body due to mass attraction gravity. Again we may not have to wonder why gravity acts on group of molecules and not on individual molecules in atmospheric air. Additionally, the earth orbits at a speed of ~30 km per second. We would constantly be witnessing super cyclones on the surface of the planet if the extra-nuclear space structure (atmosphere) of the earth were not an integral part of it. There is no relative motion between the earth and the air that we can experience. This proves that the planet and its extra-nuclear space structure form one integral system. Thus celestial body carries its extra nuclear space structure during its rotation and revolution. This is feasible due to mass-space attraction. The mass-space interaction is universal and it is the cause of the fundamental forces of nature. There is scope of developing a universal mass-space theory to understand the state properties of matter (charge property, thermal property, dynamic property and the energy aspects of matter). 

Reference

1. https://philosophyofnature.org.in/books

Abstract

Modern science makes domain-specific assumptions for modeling the atomic structure. Hence the domain-based knowledge of atom fails to provide a comprehensive universal understanding of nature. The present atomic model unknowingly ignored the finer domain constituents of atom and also ignored the boundary condition of atom to account for the external linkage of atom with its background.

  The new mass-space structure of systems in any domain has similarity with the mass-space structure of systems in other domains due to the basic universal mass-space interactions (Reference). Any system in any domain has a name, form and form-based properties even though all systems constitute the same basic mass and space of the universe. The systems in any domain possesses a system-based property due to the influences (properties) of its constituents in finer domain and the said system in turn influences the system of higher up domain being a constituent of that domain. Thus the universe is an integrated whole of its constituents in different domains. Modern science understands atomic system in isolation i.e. ignoring the interaction links at system boundary (a boundary condition in free body consideration). The boundary condition of a system represents the attachment link with its background. Further it ignores the atomic constituents in finer domains.

Introduction

Our first experience of centrally organized structure of matter came from the study of solar system (sun-planet system and planet-satellite system). Subsequently atoms and galaxies were found to have centrally organized structures. The Solar system is much too larger than the atomic system and again the galactic system is much too larger than the solar system. The structural atoms become structure-less point particles in the map of solar system. Likewise stars also become structure less point particles in the map of galaxy. Thus, it becomes necessary to use different scale units for atoms, stellar systems and galactic systems for study of respective systems. For example, we use angstrom (Å) for the measure of atomic dimension, astronomical unit (AU) for dimension of solar system (1 AU=Earth-Sun distance) and light years for dimension of galaxies. A light-year is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days). The value of angstrom in AU scale becomes zero and the value of AU in light year scale is also zero. Likewise, we evaluate masses of celestial bodies in solar mass units (SMU) and the masses of atoms and molecules in atomic mass units (AMU). The atomic mass in AMU becomes zero in SMU. We consider molecules, atoms and subatomic particles as particles of micro domain and celestial bodies as bodies of macro domain. We know the structure and features of galaxies but not classified them as systems of macro-macro-domain. Further, we are unaware of the existence of finer domain (say micro-micro-domain) one domain below micro domain. This paper discusses the existence of matter in less known domains of nature and proposes a method for characterizing the domains. The new characterization of domains identifies the existence of finer domain below micro domain and above macro domain. The inter domain similarity of structure and feature helps to rectify our defective concept of the reality of nature. 

Discussion

When the physical parameters of matter such as mass, dimension etc. becomes zero in macro celestial body scale, then the domain of such matters is classified as micro domain. Conversely, when the parameters of matter become infinity in micro domain scale units then it is classified as matter of macro domain. Following this classification, the galaxies having infinity mass & infinity dimension in solar system scale may be classified as matters of macro-macro domain and the light particles having zero mass and zero dimensions in micro domain scale units may be classified as matters of micro-micro domain. The author, however, prefers a different classification of domains from the structural features of centrally organized systems.

A new classification of domains of matter from structural features

Examining the solar system, we find, the nucleus and orbital bodies are bodies of macro domain. The space matter particles in extra-nuclear space structure (atmosphere) of a macro celestial body system are particles of micro domain which is one domain lower than the domain size of the nucleus and the orbital bodies. The radiation particles (light particles) radiated from the sun, the nucleus of solar system, are particles of micro-micro domain which is two domains down from the domain size of the nucleus and orbital celestial bodies. The structural features of centrally organized systems in all domains of nature may be generalized in respect of the domain size of nucleus, orbital body, space matter particles and the radiation particles. According to this new generalization the orbital bodies and the nucleus belongs to same domain; space matter particles of extra-nuclear space structure are one domain down the domain size of nucleus and the radiation particles of nucleus are two domains down the domain size of the nucleus (Fig.2). Following this general characterization, the domain sizes of different constituents of atomic system, solar system and galactic system are presented in Table 1 and schematically shown in Figs. 2a, 2b and 2c respectively.

                                                                                                                           Table-1

                                                                          Domains of different centrally organized systems and their constituents

If uniformity prevails in nature the atomic system (micro particle system) has to be similar with solar system. The nucleus with orbital electrons would be classified as micro particles, the unknown space matter particles present in extra-nuclear space structure of atom would be particles of micro-micro domain (light particles/photons) and the unknown continuous radiation particles from atomic nucleus would be classified under micro-micro-micro particles (micro photons). Lack of insight to radiation of micro-photons from atomic nucleus has given us the impression that atomic nuclei do not radiate energy. The light particles have mass in micro-micro domain scale, and they carry non-electric charge, thus light particles have placement in atomic structure as well as in inter-atomic space.

Again, for uniformity of nature the galactic system (macro-macro system) has similarity with the solar system. The nucleus of vast galaxy is expected to be a huge body in the dimension range of so-called event horizon of the black hole. It is difficult to comprehend the existence of such huge bodies thus the bodies were conceptualized as black hole. The space matter particles in the extra-nuclear space structure of galaxy are one domain down the domain of galactic nucleus hence the stars in the galaxy are the space matter particles in the space structure of galaxy and not orbital bodies. There are also orbital black holes which have similarity with planets of solar system hence they are the orbital bodies of galactic system. And the galactic nucleus radiates micro particles (ions and electrons) which are two domains down the domain size of galactic nucleus. Therefore, the nucleus of galaxy is not visible, and this result our erroneous concept of black hole. The ions and electrons radiated from galactic nucleus do not reach the earth as they get trapped in the space medium. 

It is of no wonder, if the light particles (micro-micro domain of matter) are found to have nucleus and extra-nuclear space structure containing micro photons as space matter particles and the nuclei of light particles radiating micro-micro photons. The cause of red-shift of light coming from distant galaxies is better understood from loss of energy through radiation and not due to running away of galaxies from the earth. Hence, the concept of expanding universe may not be a reality. The velocity of light in a definite medium is constant and we failed to understand the cause for the same. But the new anticipated mass-space structure of light particles with nucleus and extra-nuclear space structure and the new mass-space interactions discussed elsewhere by this author has answer for different constant velocity of light in different medium including the so-called vacuum medium. Thus, it is not the solar system and atomic system alone which have similarity of structure and features, but all centrally organized structures (galaxy, solar system, atomic system, light particles etc.) have similar structure and feature. This simplifies our understanding of decay of matter in all forms. Decay of structure with non-decaying constituents (atoms) is unthinkable.

Defects in early planetary atomic model

In the existing concept, atomic nuclei do not radiate energy continuously like the radiation of the sun in continuous-spectra. This erroneous conclusion is based on the presumption that energy is always radiated in the form of light particles (photons). Further, our experimental instruments have limitation to establish the radiation of micro photons. 

The early planetary model of atom was a failure because the atomic model considered only the nucleus and orbital body for modeling atom by ignoring all other features of solar system. According to this author, if atom is modeled once again in the light of solar system by incorporating all features of solar system, then the model would explain all atomic phenomena including the spectra of atom. And further the model would entertain the vital cause to effect analogy and entry of commonsense. This is discussed in a separate article.

Mass and charge of light particles

A mass less particle has no place in the structure of matter thus light particles being mass less in the present concept are not considered for placement in atomic model. Though the mass and dimensions of light particles is zero in micro domain scale, they have mass and dimensions in micro-micro domain scale. Modern science is yet to conceptualize and develop a mass scale unit for matters of micro-micro domain to know the matter value of light particles. The reality is that light particles are micro-micro domain particles, hence finer domain scale units of micro-micro domain is required to understand their mass, dimension and structure. In the new concept, light particle being particle of matter in finer domain (micro-micro domain) has its placement in atomic structure and in interatomic space. This aspect is overlooked in developing atomic model and their existence in inter atomic space medium is also not considered. Lack of perception of matter values in particles of finer domains (below micro domain) has led us to conceptualize the non-materials science (spiritual science). Such branching of science is a human creation and does not exist in nature. It may be mentioned here that Vedic science explores nature with universal concept i.e. assuming similarity between microcosm & microcosm and does not make any domain specific assumption.  

The light particles in micro-micro domain is expected to have the nucleus & extra-nuclear space structure and carry charge like the atomic particles in micro domain for uniformity of nature. The charge present in light particles is non-electric [1] in nature therefore light particles do not take part in electric charge interaction. Hence one cannot conclude whether light particles are neutral particles as they may be carrying non-electric charge. The light particles, in the new concept, having nucleus, extra-nuclear space structure and carrying mass & non-electric charge has scope to explain different phenomena of light without the wave concept [1]. 

Cause-to-effect analogy 

The cause to effect analogy is the basis of macro domain physics, spiritual science, Vedic science, biology, homeopathic science, astrology etc. But this analogy could not be retained in present atomic physics due to lack of awareness of existence of matter in finer domains. 

When both event and cause lie in perceivable macro domain, then there is no difficulty in knowing the cause of an effect. Again, when the cause of macro event lies in micro domain it is also possible to know the cause of the event from micro domain analysis. But when the cause of micro event lies in the unknown micro-micro domain, physicists fail to find the cause of the event because modern science is yet to explore the micro-micro domain physics of matter.

How the incomplete atomic model yields result?

Quantum mechanics is able to explain the atomic phenomena by making quantum assumptions. There is no basis of the quantum assumptions. Analysis of quantum assumptions is feasible only with the knowledge of micro-micro domain physics. Thus, to understand the cause of micro phenomena and the basis of quantum assumptions, we need to explore the micro-micro domain physics. The quantum assumptions of micro domain physics unknowingly proxy the functional role of fine structure (micro-microstructure) of matter thereby the atomic model is able to explain the atomic phenomena (spectra of atom).

Is the assumption of kinetic theory of gas a reality?

Any defective concept on reality of nature requires correction measures to predict different aspects of nature. Both defective concept and unnatural assumptions get established as they collectively predict nature. For example, the defective atomic structural concept requires the supporting Kinetic theory of gas to correctly predict the behavior of gas (laws of gas). The new atomic structure and the new mass-space interactions [2] have the scope of explaining the laws of gas without the assumption of random motion of atoms and molecules in gas. This author has modified the atomic structure by visualizing the fine structure of atom composed of micro-micro-domain particles (light particles) and this new atomic theory does not require the kinetic theory of gas to explain the laws of gas. Hence the kinetic theory of gas becomes redundant. 

How real is the random motion of molecules?

The new understanding of different domains of nature and the new knowledge of similarity of structure and features in all domains gives us the scope to examine the state of rest or of motion of space matter particles (atoms and molecules) in the extra-nuclear structure of the earth. The stars are the space matter particles in the extra nuclear space structure of galaxy, and they are visible to us, hence their state of motion is observable. For uniformity of nature there should be similarity in the motions of space matter particles in terrestrial system as well as galactic system. The stars in the galaxy do not make any random motion. Therefore, the hypothesis of random motion of atoms and molecules in the atmosphere of the earth (in gaseous state of matter) is not a reality. Hence the kinetic theory of gas is also not a reality. This author has proposed alternative theory for the laws of gas without random motion of molecules [2].

Similarity of structure in different domains

We directly observe the internal structure of solar system as we live within it whereas we study the atom from external interaction. The internal structure of micro particles (atoms, molecules and subatomic particles) are not directly observable for study. Scientists have developed theoretical models of atom to justify the spectral features of atom. The discrete spectra of atomic emission and the continuous spectra of solar radiation is big hindrance in finding structural similarity between solar system and the atomic system. The discrete emission spectra of atom are produced from extra-nuclear structure of atom only when the atom is excited externally or disturbed internally. On the other hand, the solar radiation comes from the nucleus (the sun) in its normal state (without excitation). The two distinctly different phenomenons cannot be compared while finding similarity. We need to excite the solar system to know the nature of emission spectra of solar system. These emission spectra of solar system in excited state can only be compared with the emission spectra of atom in excited state for finding similarity. The author has noticed the discrete nature of spectra of solar system when Halley’s Comet crosses the orbits of planets. Thus, both atom and solar system reveal similarity in producing discrete nature of spectra in excited states. 

Now let us examine the similarity between the natural radiation from nucleus of solar system and that of the nucleus of atomic system. We have already discussed the natural radiation of micro photons from nuclei of atoms. The natural continuous radiation from the sun and atomic nucleus are similar. All other differences between solar system and atomic system are resolved by discovering hidden similarity [3].

Conclusion

The hidden similarity between atomic system and solar system reveals that all centrally organized systems in different domains such as solar system, atomic system, galactic system and light particle system have similarity in structure and feature. This new knowledge simplifies many complex problems such as: Why the velocity of light is constant in vacuum? Is there a need of dark matter to explain why the outer stars of galaxy revolve slowly? What is the true significance of Black-hole? What is the structure of vacuum? Whether nucleus of atom radiates energy?

Science has now the scope to explore the unknown finer domain (spiritual domain) of nature. Spiritual science deals with light and energy but not mass. The light particle in the new concept has mass in finer domain mass scale unit hence has existence in structure of micro particles and as space matter particle in space structure. Science meant to explore nature should increase its spectrum for a comprehensive understanding of materials science and spiritual science.

 Reference

1. Unpublished works of this author, likely to be published in the next issue.
2. 3.2 New concepts of pressure & temperature and new static theory of gas (page no.139), Universal Mystery unfolded, Dynamics of Universe interplay of matter, space and charge, vol.3.
3. https://philosophyofnature.org.in/books.

Abstract

We make use of our already gained knowledge for further exploration of nature. However, we could not understand nature completely, although the growth of our knowledge is exponential in character. It is as if some mistakes at basic level were integrated in our present understanding that stands on the way of further exploration of nature. This paper suggests new interpretation of mass and space and new universal interactions in mass and space which has scope to reveal the cause of fundamental forces of nature. 

Introduction

One gets delighted by looking at the advances made in different fields of science and technology such as computer science, space science, nuclear science, information technology etc. This gives us a feeling as if we have almost understood nature. Such a feeling comes to our mind because we do not realize how much more aspects of nature remain unexplored. Since we are not aware of many aspects of nature, the unexplored list cannot be prepared. Thus we have a clear picture of how much science understands nature but unclear about how much more remains to be explored. As of today, modern science attempts to explore how things happen in nature but fails many times to understand why things happen in the way they are happening. We do not understand why nature has duality, why gravity acts only for group of molecules in gaseous state of matter and not to individual molecules for settling down onto the surface of the celestial body? What is the basis of quantum assumptions? Whether the light particles have tiny rest mass below detection level? If independent existence of charge without mass is not seen in nature then what is the bearing of charge with mass? Whether light particles and celestial bodies carry some forms of non-electric charge? Why velocity of light is constant in vacuum? Whether consistency and uniformity of nature exists in all domains of nature and not in micro domain? Why Mercury and Venus do not have satellites? Why, not a single satellite has an orbital body? Why different sciences engaged in studying different aspects of nature fails to maintain harmony among them? Whether the atomic system and the solar system have hidden similarity? One may wonder whether the limitations are caused due to defective understanding of the basic entities of nature (mass, space, charge, time etc.)! The author made a humble attempt to modify the basic concepts of modern science to develop harmony among all sciences and to develop a comprehensive unified understanding of nature. The proposed new concept of basic entities helps promote the new unified science that provides answers to above questions. The present article analyses the new understanding of matter and space and the new mass-space interactions. The author has borrowed the concept of matter and space from Vedic science for universal understanding of natural phenomena and the basic norm of nature. A perfect understanding of the basic constituent of universe is absolutely necessary to understand all aspects of nature. The universe and all its form-based constituents are composed of formless mass and formless space entities. Thus one can develop a universal science dealing with mass & space and their interactions which is uniformly applicable to all domains of nature. The new concept of mass and space provides a better understanding of nature. It explains the common cause of gravity (both Newtonian gravity and Einstein’s space time gravity) and many phenomena of nature mentioned above. 

Basic constituents of the universe

The Vedic concept of space as a physical constituent of the universe is of great value in augmenting modern science. According to Vedic science the universe is constituted of Panchamohabhuta (Prithvi, Jal, Vayu, Agni and Akash). These constituents may be interpreted as solid, liquid, gas, plasma and space. In modern science, solid, liquid, gas and plasma corresponds to different states of matter. Thus, the basic constituents of the universe are reduced to matter and space only, both being physical. According to Ayurveda all substances are mixture of 5 basic elements (panchamohabhuta), but substances have one major element and they are classified according to the major element present in it. This implies, each element of Panchamohabhuta is a mixture of the five elements where it contains four other elements in minor fraction. 

Any physical entity has existence and has shape, size, location, density, state property and a name. Therefore, geometry is equally applicable to matter as well as space. But geometry can represent neither matter nor space fully. Matter can have different matter density (matter content per unit volume). Similarly physical-space also has different space density (space content per unit volume). This implies that a given volume can have different extent of space content. This aspect of space is overlooked in modern science. The compressibility of space has greater scope in explaining different phenomena of nature. The non-geometrical parameters of space are introduced to geometry to understand laws of nature. This makes deviation from reality of nature and distortion in 3D geometry as well as human perception. The content of matter is mass therefore the matter density is expressed as mass per unit volume. But the content of space is space itself thus the space density means the space content per unit volume. In view of the above, the universe comprises mass and space only as the most basic physical entities of nature. 

With our prevailing mind-set of relational space, the space density is unthinkable. The concept of ether (a physical fluid) was introduced to make space physical to justify the feasibility of propagation of light wave. It was thought that space is filled by ether of uniform density. The ether concept had serious problem in quantitative analysis of the speed of light waves and was rejected. The proposers of ether could have thought that different space pockets can have different ether density (ether content per unit volume of space) like the variation of mass density in matter. This author likes the Vedic concept of space (space itself is physical) and space is compressible. This author feels, reintroducing the term ‘ether’ for content of space may lead to more confusion. When space itself is physical, the ether concept becomes redundant. Further, there is no need of imagining hypothetical objects and events in space to make it physical.

Different concepts of physical space

  Disagreement continued among philosophers/scientists on the concept of space as to whether- 

1. Space itself a physical entity, (Vedic Science)
2. A relationship between physical entities (matter), (Leibniz) 
3. A part of a conceptual framework, (Kant) (mathematical space/space-time     relativity). 

Casual connection in mathematical space 

Matter is a spherical wave structure where the wave center, “particle’ is in continual two-way communication with all other matter in the observable universe due to its spherical in & out waves. Thus, one substance (and its wave motion) is the ultimate foundation for the casual connection of both the physical reality. 

What is physical in matter wave? Waves cannot form in space unless the space itself is physical. How uncomfortable it is to accept ‘light waves do not require medium’, even though it yields result. Mathematical space was advanced in 1854. Process of generalizing went in different directions such as: 

1. Vector Space, 
2. Hilbert Space, 
3. Riemannian space (Function Space),
4. Topological space 

Different concepts of physical space

1)    A sea of gravitons (which we hope to observe in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (quantum theory takes this view) 

2)   An entity, which lives in dimensions, we cannot (yet) observe. (String theory takes this view) 

3) We do not know the best description, but we have the mathematical model for it-a pseudo Riemannian 4-D manifold with metric (General Relativity takes this View) 

4)  A sea of Higg’s Boson throughout the space. (Quantum theory takes this view) 

5)  A fluid, the physics of which is not understood yet (New concept of compressible space proposed by this author) 

New concept of space proposed by this author

• Space itself is physical and it can have different space densities.

• Space also contains space matter particles in finer domain. 
• The space pockets can be at rest or in motion in relation to matter. 
• Again, space can have directional space density gradient 
• The space matter particles can have different number densities as well as number density gradients.

The above parameters of physical space if not understood properly then we would fail to understand the influence of space parameters in the dynamics of matter in space.

Relational property of space is only one aspect of physical space. Therefore, 3D geometrical characterization of a physical space pocket is only partial. Attempting to understand all aspects of space by introducing more coordinates in 3D geometry such as clubbing time with space fouls with mental perception of geometry and the dynamics because time is a non-geometrical parameter. Even though time varies spatially, it can be considered as a separate parameter for solution of dynamics of matter in space. Mathematical solution of a dynamics if feasible by fusing space and time then it (mathematical solution) is also feasiable without fusing the space and time. Then why distort geometry and human perception?

Mass-space structure of matter and physical space

Interpretation of Vedic science and modern science reveals; matter at any stage is a mass-space integral system and any space pocket, contains space matter particles in finer domain and hence space also is a space-mass integral system. Thus, the universe and all its constituents (galaxy, stars, planets, satellites, molecules, atoms, subatomic particles etc.) having name, form and form-based properties are basically constituted of formless mass and formless space. The universe is a mass-space continuum. Thus a basic mass-space interaction is inevitable [1].

Universal mass-space interaction

Objects in different domains have system-based interaction norms (laws) but all these system-based local interactions are caused due to the basic universal mass-space interactions. Hence the new concepts of matter & space and the new mass-space interactions lead towards a comprehensive unified understanding of nature. The basic mass-space interaction being universal is common to solar system in macro domain and atomic system in micro domain. Therefore, the two systems should exhibit structural and functional similarity. This author has unraveled the hidden similarity between structure of solar system and the structure of atomic system. Further the cause-to-effect analogy being universal has been made valid in the new improved atomic model. Thus, the instinct of nature (laws of nature) is consistent and invariant irrespective of domains. 

Nature of mass-space interaction

The universe is always dynamic. Mass and space are the only two basic physical constituents of the universe. Thus, the mass-space interaction is the basic cause of the fundamental force interactions. Hence dynamics of systems in different domains can be unified. 

The possible mass-space interactions are –

• Mass-space interaction 

• Mass-mass interaction 

• Space-space interaction

The nature of interaction (attraction or repulsion) can be decided from observation to different events of the universe. We observe every dense-mass (nuclei of atomic system, solar system, galactic system etc.) has a space structure surrounding it. This implies the attraction of mass to space and vice-versa. 

We notice two dense mass of atomic nuclei repel one another which shows mass repels mass. In the new concept, charge in matter can be interpreted as the non equilibrium state of mass space structure. If mass attracts mass then all mass of the universe would collapse to a point. Thus the present mass-mass attraction is not correct. This author has worked out the exact equation of Newtonian mass attraction gravity by following the new mass-space interactions [2]. Again according to Einstein, mass does not attract mass. Gravity is property of space-time curvature. He further said that the space surrounding any dense mass is curved. How can this happen without the mass-space interaction? The mass-space attraction is the common cause of Newtonian gravity as well as Einstein’s space-time gravity. The space structure surrounding any dense mass does not collapse on to the surface. Thus it becomes obvious that space-space repulsion prevents the collapse of the space by countering the mass-space attraction.

The charge interaction being a function of mass-space interactions in matters in non-equilibrium state of mass-space association, thus the mass-space interactions can be interpreted as the cause of fundamental forces of nature. Hence the 4-fundamental forces of nature remain unified at the level of their common cause. The fundamental forces responds to inverse square law in centrally organized systems, but different forces have their different range of interaction. There is no reason why the structure and features of systems in different domains be different for a unified force? 

Conclusion

 At any instant of time the known scientific knowledge is used as a tool for further exploration of nature. Thus the power of exploring nature increases exponentially with time and by now we would have understood different less known aspects of nature. But this did not happen. It is as if the tool (already acquired scientific knowledge) used in exploring nature is defective. Any defective understanding of nature would stand on the way of further exploration on reality of nature. Once the defective understandings of basic concepts are rectified, the access to further understanding of nature opens up. On the other hand further scientific exploration of nature with the defective basic concept does not allow understanding the secrets of nature. Thus it is necessary to break away the limiting stagnation of growth of science by perceiving the reality of nature. The new concept of mass and space as the only constituents of universe and the new interactions of mass and space appear to have a great promise towards a comprehensive understanding of nature. 

Reference

1. Mass-space Structure of centrally organized systems, of this issue.
2. Unpublished works of this author, likely to be published in the next issue.

https://philosophyofnature.org.in/books.

Abstract

Any system in any domain of nature is a component of the universe. Therefore all events are expected to obey the basic norm (law) of the universe hence the basic laws are universal. Consistency and uniformity of nature are generally accepted except for the micro-domain physics. By embracing wave-particle duality, modern science has deviated away from the general norms of nature. By admitting 1) mass-less particles and hidden mass, 2) different types of structure for centrally organized systems (such as the solar and atomic systems), and 3) some forms of matter carrying charge while some other are neutral, have also contradicted the uniformity of nature. Apart from that, quantum physics in the micro domain overlooks the cause-to-effect analogy, which is our standard framework for interpreting naturally occurring phenomena. Further, mass and space are the universal physical entity present in all domains, therefore 1) science of finer domain can be made universal by identifying rest mass in so called mass less particles. 2) Understanding the charge property of matter in micro domain as a function of mass and space helps unification of charge property by identifying non-electric charges in matters of other domains. 3) Developing a new understanding of light as a particle bearing mass and non electric charge to explain all phenomena of light without wave particle duality. In light of the foregoing, we may have to adapt some of our fundamental concepts of physics in order to harmonize micro and macro domain physics. For a unified understanding of nature, this article proposes some new concepts of certain fundamental entities.

Introduction

The study of many facets of nature is attempted by various sciences (Vedic science, spiritual science, modern science, etc.). Hence, it is most likely that the aspect-based sciences have inherent harmony. We however failed to realize the hidden harmony. Modern science ignores Vedic science and considers spiritual science as beyond science. This author contends that while many disciplines focus on studying various aspects of nature, it is feasible to unify the aspect-based sciences by synchronizing ideas about the fundamental elements of the cosmos and how they interact. As nature is unchangeable, several sciences can examine various elements of nature. At present the differences between different sciences are so much that one science does not understand the other. The consistency and uniformity of nature are the primary norms of nature hence they should not be altered while developing the system-based/domain-based science. The basic constituent of the universe is mass and space and both are physical. Though all components of the universe are basically constituted by mass and space but they have different mass-space integration leading to different forms and form-based properties. The science, dealing with form-less mass & space and mass-space interactions is universal whereas the science, dealing with formed objects comprising mass and space and having form-based properties leads to local system-based/domain-based science. It may be seen, the mass attraction Newtonian gravity or the Einstein’s space-time gravity are universal. On the other hand, the charge interactions of form based constituents (electrons, protons, quarks etc.) leads to local interactions in micro domain. If the charge property of matter can be understood from specific non-equilibrium state of mass-space association then different non-electric charges can be identified in matters of other domains. The charge interaction can be made universal when charge in matter is expressed as a function of mass and space. The cause of all four-fundamental forces of nature can be understood from the basic mass-space interactions. There is no reason why the structure and feature of solar system and atomic system shouldn’t be same? Indian philosophy based on Vedic concepts assumes complete similarity between microcosm (human system) and macrocosm (universe) and is successful in predicting different aspects of nature. Modern science has made domain specific assumptions thereby differentiated the physics of micro domain and macro domain. Further modern science has many limitations due to domain-based understanding as it explains only how things happen, and fails to understand why things happen. The limitations of modern science can be removed by harmonizing the basic concepts of other sciences, specially the Vedic science. The author aims at a new comprehensive understanding of nature by making appropriate changes in the basic concepts of modern science in the light of Vedic science and exploring the finer domains (spiritual domain/micro-micro domain) of nature.

Analysis on new concept

Curiosity and urge to understand different happenings of nature have given rise to different sciences such as Vedic science, spiritual science, modern science, life science, homeopathic science, astrological science etc. Different sciences made different fundamental assumptions to explore different aspects of nature. Unfortunately, there is no compatibility among them even though all are aimed at studying nature. 

The early approach of all sciences was based on consistency of nature, uniformity of the norms of nature and cause-to-effect analogy for analysis of events. Modern science while trying to understand different phenomena of light introduced wave-particle duality and further extended the dual nature to electron. This made a serious damage to our notion on consistency of the norms of nature. Again, when all attempts to develop the atomic model in the light of the structure of solar system failed, scientists overlooked the vital aspect of uniformity of nature and developed a result oriented mathematical model of atom by introducing new quantum concepts for micro domain. The quantum atomic model diverges away from the similarity of structure and dynamics of solar system thereby breaking the uniformity of nature. 

At present, light particles and different field forming particles are considered mass less i.e., their mass (rest mass) is zero. This is again a deviation from the uniformity of nature. The light particles are not micro particles, they are particles of matter in finer domain (say, micro-micro domain), and thus the mass of light particles can only be expressed in micro-micro domain mass-scale units. This may be made clear from the following analysis. The mass of atomic or subatomic particle is not zero in atomic mass units (AMU) but becomes zero in solar mass unit (SMU). If an atom makes collision with a celestial body, it will not produce any change of velocity of the celestial body. From momentum balance equation, one may find the mass of atom as zero in SMU. But the said atom (micro particle) has mass in AMU. Likewise, the light particles having zero mass in atomic mass unit (AMU) have mass in micro-micro domain mass units (photonic mass units). The light particles in micro-micro domain having matter value have their rest existence. Therefore, light particles have placement in atomic structure as well as in space medium in the form of space matter particles. Hence, the real extra-nuclear structure of atom is composed of electrons and light particles. Thus, the mathematical atomic model with electrons alone forming the extra-nuclear structure is not the reality. A real atom has extra-nuclear structure composed of both electrons and light particles. Therefore, the conceptualized electrons in mathematical atomic model additionally proxy the role of light particles, hence the said electrons are hypothetical. The electrons in real atomic structure do not create light particles since the light particles present in the extra-nuclear space structure are simply released from different peaks of potential structure when the atom is excited externally.  

Again, the light particles of micro-micro domain and celestial bodies of macro domain are considered charge neutral as they do not carry electric charge. The presence of non-electric charges in electrically neutral particles/bodies cannot be ascertained from electric charge interaction therefore their existence cannot be ruled out. It is more so for the uniformity of nature.

In modern science we have accepted many limitations of the universal law of gravity. We have again introduced special relativity for analyzing the dynamics of matter at very high speed. Decay of matter at any stage is inevitable but the atoms are assumed non-decaying. How can a structure composed of atoms decay when the atoms do not decay? Improper understanding of nature has made us to accept many unrealistic hypotheses. The domain-based understanding of nature with domain specific basic assumptions has made the micro domain physics different from macro domain. According to this author, if we correctly grasp the fundamental universal norm of nature, then any law of nature would neither face limitation nor requires special treatment.

Our mental knowledge of the uniformity of nature is harmed by the domain-based understanding of the structure and dynamics of matter for the micro and macro domains, the concept of mass-less light particles, the concept of charge confinement to micro domain particles, and other ideas. Further, the cause-to-effect analogy is the most general basis of continuity of understanding in all sciences except for micro domain physics (quantum mechanics). The consistency of nature (non-duality), uniformity of nature (similarity of structure & dynamics in different domains) and cause-to-effect analogy (every event has a cause) are basis on which our common-sense operates. The quantum mechanics does not entertain common-sense logics. The philosophical and metaphysical consideration has no value in mathematical micro-domain physics. At present modern science has the only scope of exploring the dark areas of nature by probing through mathematical equations based on symmetry. If similarity of structure and dynamics in different domains of nature exists, then only mathematical symmetry is feasible. Mathematics is only a language to describe the complex structure & dynamics of physical existences in the universe based on axioms. Behind every mathematical equation yielding result, there is existence of a physical reality. Modern physics is unable to find the prevailing structural similarity between micro domain and macro domain thus to speculate the structure of micro-micro particles by further extrapolation is not possible.

The discovery of micro domain physics gave a boost to macro domain science. Similarly, the discovery of micro-micro domain physics has the scope to reveal many secrets of nature including the cause of quantum phenomenon in micro domain physics. The macro bodies are known to have both macro structure and microstructure. Now from the above new consideration, the micro particles have micro-microstructure. Thus, any macro existence has coexisting macro structure, microstructure and micro-microstructure. Each of the above structures remains in equilibrium and also it remains in equilibrium with other two co-existing structures. Therefore, the structure dependent property & behaviour of a macro body can be known either from study of microstructure or from study of micro-microstructure. Modern science is yet to explore the micro-micro-domain physics but however, the functional properties of micro-microstructure are unknowingly taken care of through quantum assumptions thus enabling the quantum physics to yield result. We cannot understand the basis of quantum assumptions without exploring micro-micro domain physics. The quantum assumptions in modern science provide the continuity of knowledge in the absence of micro-micro domain physics. As the matter value of micro-micro domain particles is zero in AMU scale, the science of matter in finer domain becomes non-materials science (spiritual science). Thus, the spiritual science is considered beyond science. The light particles constitute the fine structure of mind, and the very consciousness appears when our interactive mind gets linked to objects and events of universe through exchange-radiation. Spiritual scientists are ignorant of micro domain physics therefore, they use the term Maya for continuity of knowledge. Proper analysis of three domain structure would help to unify materials science and spiritual science.

The concept of space plays the vital role in understanding the reality of nature. Even today the concept of space is not very clear to modern science. Vacuum polarization, energy states of different space pockets etc. speaks of the physical status of space. Many hypotheses are made to justify the physical nature of space such as curved space, mathematical space with hypothetical objects and events etc. Space devoid of real or hypothetical matter is considered relational in the present concept. For clarity of understanding the nature of space, modern science could have considered the concept of space from Vedic science. According to Vedic science the physical constituents of the universe are only five [Panchamohabhuta: Earth (Prithvi), Water (Jal), Fire (Agni), Air (Vayu) and Space (Aakash)] where space itself is a physical entity. Thus, space does not require the association of any real or hypothetical objects to qualify it to be physical. The other four-elements of Panchamohabhuta being only different states of matter, the constituents of the universe are reduced to matter and space only. Again, the content of matter is known as mass. Therefore, the universe comprises only mass and space as the basic constituents. Ayurveda gives the clue that mass contains space and space also contains space matter particles. Thus, according to Vedic concept, any existence in the universe is only a mass-space integral system. When the mass component is significant, we call it as matter and when the space component is significant, we call it as space. We are conversant with density of matter/mass (mass per unit volume). Like the mass-density we have also density of physical space (space content per unit volume). The new term ‘space density’ is not perceivable with prevailing geometrical concept of space. Both matter and space being physical, geometry is equally applicable to matter as well as space. But geometry cannot fully represent all aspects of matter or space. The physical space is elastic, therefore compressible and hence can have different space densities in different space pockets.

All forms of matter being mass-space integral system, the very formation of matter, stability of matter in static & dynamic states and dissociation of matter are caused by forces derived from the nature of mass-space interactions. 

Some scientists feel, nature may be simple, and the universe is governed by a single universal norm (law) responsible for the dynamics of universe and its components in different domains. Thus, the structure and dynamics of solar system and atomic system may be similar despite our present knowledge of atomic and sub-atomic physics through quantum mechanics and the solar system through classical mechanics. The new micro domain physics, suggested by this author have scope to accommodate cause-to-effect analogy in the new atomic model. We study the atomic system externally by exciting the structure of atom; on the other hand study the solar system from within the solar system in its natural state. Lac of similarity between atomic system and solar system has appeared due to defective comparison of the systems. When the planetary atomic model was suggested by Rutherford many of the features of solar system were not known. Thus the atomic model prepared by incorporating the incomplete features of solar system was deficient to explain all atomic phenomena. This author has made a detailed study of the structure of solar system and shown that the new atomic model having similarity with the structure of solar system is able to explain all phenomena of nature. The general norms of nature (consistency, uniformity and cause-to-effect analogy) are maintained in the analysis of atomic phenomena. 

If somehow a new comprehensive science becomes feasible then it would require appropriate modifications in the basic concepts of modern science. This author has made a humble attempt to develop a comprehensive understanding of nature by introducing new universal concepts. These new concepts and associated development of a comprehensive unified science are dealt in a seven-volume Book-Series on “Dynamics of Universe-Interplay of Matter, Space and Charge’ published by this author [1]. 

This series of publication [1] is aimed at developing a unified understanding of different happenings of nature in different domains. The new understanding not only looks for unification of forces of nature but also attempts to understand the cause of the forces. For a unified force, the structure and dynamics of all centrally organized systems in different domains is expected to be similar. The spiritual science operating in finer domain of mind and homeopathic & astrological sciences believing on existence of particles in finer domains reveals the fact that matter exists in micro-micro domain. The light particles and different field forming particles existing in nature can be considered as particles of matter in micro-micro domain and they have mass in micro-micro domain scale units. 

Particle physicists assume that forces are transmitted by exchange of gauge bosons (photons, gluons, W&Z particles) as force carriers. They have achieved grand unification of electromagnetic, strong-nuclear and weak-nuclear forces. They anticipate exchange of graviton for gravity, but this is not established yet. In the above exchange of force-carrier particles we fail to understand the cause of exchange of force carrier particles and how the particles carry different forces. 

The new basic mass-space interactions [2], proposed by this author, explain the cause of the forces of nature thereby unify the forces at the level of their common cause. The new basic concept explains the events in different domains from a universal mass-space interaction. These are discussed in detail in the above series of publications by this author.

Conclusion

Science can reach a new height by exploring into the finer domains of nature. We should be humble enough to care for the values of other sciences even if it is incompatible with the ideas of contemporary science; who knows, the contradictory ideas of Vedic science could contribute to the advancement of current science and the creation of unique, comprehensive knowledge of the natural cosmos.

References

1. https://philosophyofnature.org.in/books.
2. Mass Space Structure of centrally organized systems, of this issue.