Abstract

 If we dissect the title of paper, the four words are significant like ‘Mother’, ‘Invention’, ‘Necessity’ and ‘Unification of Sciences’. Among these, most important is ‘Mother’. Both biological and Nature ‘Mother’ are important for existence of all in this planet. Biological mother is just the miniature of ‘Mother Nature’. In fact, ‘Biological Mother’ introduces all of us with this wonderful ‘Cosmic World’. Now proceed to ‘Invention’ and ‘Necessity’ those are totally dependent on both the ‘Mothers’. We after being getting nourishment from ‘Mother Nature’ our human brain get stimulants to resurgence the required items already exist in ‘Mother Nature’. Those resurgent items get renamed as ‘Innovation’. The stimulated brain waves actually inspire the emission of regenerative thoughts as ‘Thoughtful Philosophy’ or the ‘Hypothesis’ of ‘Science’. Later those Hypotheses get established with logical sequences as ‘Science’. Therefore, philosophy is the root of all ‘Scientific- Social- Technological and Environmental events. The thought waves in the form of ‘Philosophical Science’ actually getting generated from ‘Conscious human brain’. The ‘Conscious human brain’ or ‘Science of Consciousness’ is the power house of “Resurgence and Regenerative Thought Waves”. If we think deeply ‘Science’ it is within ‘Conscience’. ‘Gyana’ is within ‘Vigyana’ and combinations of all these are getting transformed in ‘Wisdom’. One can attain such wisdom only when ‘human brain’ is in resting state with most powerful ‘Apparent Zero Entropy’. Rather, we can say our ‘Mother Nature’ gives us opportunity to explore more and more as per our need. Those get explored from ‘Mother Nature’ by tuning our brain at ‘Stable Consciousness’ under ‘Apparent Zero Entropy’. ‘Stable Consciousness’ under apparent zero entropy leads to ‘Unification of all Sciences’.  

Keywords: Mother, Invention, Necessity, Unification of Sciences

Prelude To Invention, Wisdom, Life Force and Edible Energy
Prelude to Invention

 The quote of the Greek philosopher- ‘Plato’ that ‘Necessity is the mother of Invention’ is the reality since inception of dwelling of human beings on this planet. In the primitive era- human beings had no shelter, formal food, health care and so on. In due course, food habits, shelter, health care had built up owing to necessity through progressive evolution. Yes, it is “necessity” which triggers our brain to think and those thought waves get translated in different forms of invention to meet our demands.

Further, necessity is called as ‘Mother of Invention”. We all know we are born and live under the care of our biological ‘Mother’ as well as under the congenial environment of our ‘Mother – Nature’. Biological mother holds support to respective individual lives but ‘Mother- Nature’ holds all lives, non-living matters and interconnects all in a cyclic process. 

 In human life, scientific education begins at childhood during each step of our growth. Parents teach us how to sit, stand, eat and walk step by step. It involves child care, food, nutrition and health care sciences the various sectors of physical, chemical and biological sciences. The foundation of scientific and moral education we first receive from our parents and elders. Parents are our inborn teachers for overall growth.

 While quoting Greek Philosopher Plato’s thought we must recall our ancient Indian wisdom. In Indian wisdom, parents are considered living God to children. Father and Mother teach us bit by bit to stand on our own. We should pay our respect to our mother with this verse 

  “Janani Janmabhoomischa Swargadapi Gariyasi” – means Our biological mother is more glorified than our birth place and heaven. Similarly, we should bow down to father with the verse 

“Pita Dharma: Pita Swarga: Pita Hi Param Tapah 

Pitri Preetimapanne Priyante Sarvadevataah” – means Our biological father is our heaven, path finder and most lovable divine force.

Wisdom and Life Force

 Our ‘Ancient Wisdom’ helps us to refine our characters with moral values of human beings and strengthen our intellects. 

 Our ancient wisdom taught us to be grateful to our ‘Mother Nature’ which provides us everything including ‘Life Air’ for our existence on this planet. Therefore, we should express our gratefulness to ‘Mother Earth’- the holding supports, “Sun God” – the lamp of the Universe and other divine forces with the verse or our ‘Gayatri Mantra’.

“Om Bhur Bhuvah Svah Tat Savitur Barenyam

Bhargo Devasya Dhimahi Dhiyo yo nah Prachodayat”

We in the modern era know the various fundamental laws and theories which seem to govern the physical nature around us. However, what all had been depicted in ancient time in our sacred books are the fundamental laws which can define various mysteries beyond the scientific explanations. There are several such slokas that exist as our ancient treasures of science rather ‘Super Science of Consciousness’ to understand the “Super Nature and Supreme Power (energy)” exist to govern the visible and also the invisible world in the Supreme Cosmic world. One such very powerful and applicable to the super nature is our sacred ‘Gayatri Mantra’. 

  This mantra reveals the interconnectedness of everything in this Universe. Such as the living entities, the life force – ‘The soul’, their knowledge, intellect, wisdom, consciousness and the surroundings they exist in “Triloka (permanent shelters)”. Let all get enlightened with divine sound, divine light energies which are always emitted from celestial divine forces and from the Supreme Divine Creator (The Solar being). We invoke all these celestial forces with ‘Gayatri Mantra’ which is allowing us to take breath and live lively.

Edible Energy 

   The food and nutrition are the basics of human or living world’s mobility. However the food, the calorie actually the edible energy comes from plant and animal kingdom. Plants are the efficient converter of solar energy into edible energy with the components of air and water. We all know how plant synthesizes carbohydrate. To synthesis carbohydrate in plant cells, chlorophylls absorb light energy from Sun then it is utilized to convert inorganic substances like CO2, H2O etc. subsequently into a complex carbohydrate. This provides us energy and makes us active to do various energy consuming works. Similarly, animals do depend on plants and other animals for edible energy. This simple example is just cited to understand that energy is always convertible, from one form to another. If we talk about thermodynamics (Callen 1985), then it will be understood better based on reality of the happenings around us in this physical world. However, the happenings beyond limited world are still remained unexplored as mystery.  

 The mystery of the universe’s laws is encapsulated in several fundamental principles. The second law of thermodynamics states that in any natural thermodynamic process, the total entropy of a system and its surroundings always increase. Entropy, a measure of disorder or randomness, indicates that energy transformations are not entirely efficient, and some energy is always lost as heat. This fundamental principle has far- reaching implications for our understanding of the universe.

Innovative Idea is the key to Invention, an Outline of Innovation Management matrix

 Innovative ideas are the key to open up the box of invention. However, brain waves driven innovative ideas are found to be different in respect to their implications. 

With regard to market needs, innovations can be classified into four categories (Satell 2012; Kalbach 2012) using Innovation Management Matrix (Fig. 1). This matrix identifies four types of innovations including basic research based on the problem they resolve with applicability. 

Abstract

 This paper presents a brief review of the universal archetypal opposites yin and yang, the ancient Chinese philosophy, in relation to unified field theory. The researchers have given detailed account of the origin, history, application, and practice of the yin-yang philosophy in Chinese tradition. Its application and worthiness in unified field theory have been examined through yangton and yington hypothetical theory, use of yin-yang philosophy as virtual and physical duality, as bipolar dynamic logic, as complex mechanics etc. It remained to be examined by the theoretical physicists.

Key Words: Unified Field Theory, Chinese Vision, Yin-Yang Philosophy, Virtumanity, Dialectical nature, Virtual and physical duality, Yangton and yington hypothetical theory, Complex-valued mechanics, Bipolar dynamic logic.

Introduction

 This paper starts from where the last paper [Paramguru 2025] ended. The particular portion may be cited here – “As regards the incompatibility between GR and QM is concerned, Beichler provides an interesting observation; he writes – ‘Relativity is first and foremost about form (structure) and the quantum is primarily all about function, which come together as one of the most fundamental dualities (known as non-commuting quantities in physics) in nature, but there is always a bit of each in other. However, these two ideas, form and function, are not necessarily incompatible since there is always a little of one in the other at a higher level of understanding’ [95]. Here, most interestingly, the author puts a picture of the ancient Chinese symbol called ‘T‘ai-chi T’u’, or ‘Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate’, meaning – GR and QM can combine the same way as ‘yin and yang’, the universal archetypal opposite poles of nature combine” [232]. Thus, the subject matter of this paper is combining the dualities of form and function utilizing the universal archetypal opposites of yin and yang, the ancient Chinese philosophy.

Incidentally, significant amount of literature on this subject by a number of Chinese scholars are available. A resourceful software engineer cum entrepreneur Wei Xu has successfully combined philosophy of nature, universal field theory (UFT), natural cosmology and ontological evolution by using yin-yang philosophy to understand the virtual and physical dualities which exist in nature. Many of his publications are through his own theoretical framework Virtumanity Inc which means sciences in dialectical nature of virtual and physical duality [Xu 2016, Xu 2017, Xu 2019a, Xu 2019b]. Another scholar Edward Tao Hung Wu (1952-), born in Taiwan, graduate from Tsing Hua University, PhD from UCLA, living in California, USA; besides his software and piezoelectric entrepreneurship interests, during last years, has developed yangton and yington hypothetical theory [Wu 2015a, Wu 2015b, Wu 2016a, Wu 2016b, Wu 2018, Wu 2024]. While, Wen-Ren Zhang, a PhD in electrical and computer engineering and a Professor teaching quantum computing has published on bipolar features of yin-yang philosophy [Zhang 2009, Zhang 2012]; Ciann-Dong Yang, a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, and a specialist in complex mechanics and quantum mechanics has thrown significant light on realization and verification of yin-yang theory [Yang 2010]. 

 Literature on this subject continues to pour in. Luo Shan, working as a pharmacist in a staff hospital in China, keeps interest in the traditional Chinese yin and yang theory and its application to scientific understanding of matter and systems [Shan 2019]. Qiu-zi Cong, Xiang Yu and De-yang Yu, all of them Professors in China, have integrated theory of physical particles and yi field [Cong etal 2021]. Wutong T. Song and Hongxin Cao, Chinese researchers in the area of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with specific interest in concepts of yin-yang, consciousness, and psychosomatic health have published their work on reality and application of yin and yang [Song and Cao 2022]. Based on this treasury of literature, this paper aims at giving a brief account of this Chinese vision of yin-yang philosophy in relation to UFT.

What is Yin-Yang philosophy

The book, The Tao of Physics, written by the Austrian born American physicist Fritjof Capra [1975] has already been discussed by the present author in the pages of this journal. The origin of yin-yang philosophy is Taoism, in the words of Capra – ‘The Tao is the cosmic process in which all things are involved; the world is seen as a continuous flow and change’ [104]. He goes on further – ‘The principal characteristic of the Tao is the cyclic nature of its ceaseless motion and change’ [105]. Here comes the polar opposite yin and yang which give a definite structure and meaning to the cyclic patterns of the motion of the Tao, the nature. The Chinese believe that all manifestations of the Tao are the results of the dynamic interplay of yin and yang. This symbolism of the archetypal pair yin and yang is pretty old, might have been derived more than two thousand years ago, and afterwards generations of people built it up through their thought process into a fundamental Chinese concept. These two archetypal poles of nature represent not only bright and darkness, but also male and female, firm and yielding, above and below, and many more. Yang is believed to be the strong, male, creative power associated with heaven; whereas, yin is taken as the dark, receptive, female representing the earth. In this symbol of yin and yang, the former is always denoted by black and the later by white; however, it is believed that there is always some black within the white and vice-versa. The Chinese people also believe that all things have yin and yang, which are universal and opposites, yet they complement and supplement each other with interdependence forming unity and harmony. In the course of this article, as will be seen, various authors will bring out various other essential characteristics of yin-yang. 

The Yangton and Yington Hypothesis

As indicated above, this hypothesis has been built by the entrepreneur-thinker Edward Tao Hung Wu. The basis of this hypothetical theory is a circulating pair named as ‘Yangton and Yington’ with an inter-attractive force termed as ‘Force of Creation’. When this pair, made up of some-sort-of superfine magic-like particles, moves in space is termed as ‘Photon’; and when it sits in still is called as ‘Wu’s Particles’ or ‘Still Photon’. This particle named according to the name of the author is apparently imagined as the real ‘Photon’, and the circulating pair is given the apparent impression of yin-yang, though the author has never spelt out in this manner anywhere in his publications. He starts with the paper “Yangton and Yington – A Hypothetical Theory of Everything” [Wu 2015a] where, after defining the basic terms, he spells out that this pair can be spontaneously created at anywhere and anytime in the universe, and he proposes this to be the mode of creation of our universe. Then, he goes on explaining skillfully – how his proposition worked during the creation of our universe according to the Big Bang theory; how the free photon travelling at the speed of light combines Particle Physics and Quantum Mechanics explaining all the properties of light; how the Still Photon becomes the building block of all matters and the Force of Creation becomes the base for four forces. Finally, he explains Einstein’s relativity equation and existence of dark matter according to his hypothetical Yangton and Yington theory.

In his subsequent papers he has expanded his hypothetical vision of Yangton and Yington theory to explain subatomic particle structures in relation to the unified field theory [Wu 2015b]; to interpret gravitational waves, Newton’s Law and Coulomb’s Law by particle radiation and interaction theory [Wu 2016a]; to define the meanings and inter-relations between mass, momentum, force and energy of photons and subatomic particles [Wu 2016b]; and finally brings out his book My Universe: A Theory of Yangton and Yington Pairs [Wu 2018], with a summary [Wu 2024]. Between 2015 and 2024, a total of 71 papers and a book have been published by the author highlighting all details about his hypothetical theory [Wu 2024]. In the words of the author himself, his theory is: ‘As a result, Wu’s Pairs is an excellent model in study of the universe. Even without direct proves of the existence by physical experiments, Wu’s Pairs and Yangton and Yington Theory can be considered as the foundations of a binary universe. Just like the binary system to the decimal system in mathematics, many theories and principles developed in the binary universe can be used effectively in the real universe’ [2024, 13].  

The Yin-Yang Theory

Unlike the entrepreneur-thinker Edward Wu whose work formed the previous section, the present section discusses three publications, the first by a specialized pharmacist working in a Chinese hospital, the second by three Chinese Professors, and the third by Chinese researchers in the area of TCM, all with specific interest in concepts of yin-yang and straightaway talk about applications of yin-yang theory. The pharmacist, Luo Shan’s paper reads “The Law and Applications of the Theory of Yin and Yang” [Shan 2019]. Here, the author starts with the conventional nature of yin and yang which is according to him – ‘the substance that constitutes the phenomena of matter system’, where ‘the scientific connotation of “Yin and Yang” is that “Yang” is the macro-structure of the quality system of matter phenomena, and “Yin” is the energy flow potential field matching with “Yang”’ [27]. Then he goes on deducing the laws and elaborating their meaning and interpretation. He points out that, during matching of yin and yang, since the latter represents the matter formation with mass M, it is easy to observe and measure it, and because the former represents the energy flow, it is difficult to observe and measure it. Then he presents the matching methods and finally concludes that ‘To sum up, the law of Yin-Yang balance explains that the phenomena of the matter system are the projection of mass-energy interaction. The maintenance of phenomena must maintain the integration of the mass-energy state, and the change of phenomena is accompanied by the direction of state change, which can be judged by the change of state parameters’ [31]. 

The second publication is the book The Theory of Physical Particles and Yi Field [Cong et al 2021] also deals with similar philosophy. The authors also term this theory as Li-Yi field theory, or, simply Liyi; and here, they combine the traditional Yi concept and the five-element theory of Li Yin and Yang, which integrates, with it, the analytical results of Western natural science. The authors claim that it also forms the LiYi time-space concept, and particularly add that these four fundamental principles are based on the Li Yin-Yang/mass-energy-time-space four-image principle of nature. Further, the conservation of field momentum, the Li Yin-Yang principle of interaction, and complex energy conservation are also supplemented with it.

The third title reads “The Reality and Application of Yin and Yang” [Song and Cao 2022], where the authors illustrate the origin, history, and characteristic of Yin and Yang philosophy in Chinese tradition, then explain how it functions, and finally demonstrate their application. ‘Yin and Yang originated in Chinese civilization more than 2000 years ago. In the first stage, ancient philosophers discovered yin and yang and their laws of motion —. In the second stage, yin and yang and the laws of yin and yang movement are used to explore methods and techniques’ [25]. Then the authors show that ‘Yin and Yang reveal the nature and state of matter’ [25], they also reveal ‘the laws of physical motion’ and ‘transfer of energy conversion’ [26]. Then they have shown their practical applications in the field of agriculture, heat transfer in different aquifer media, solar thermoelectric conversion, Chinese traditional medicine, and discovery of binary numbers for use in computation etc. ‘In conclusion’, they mention that ‘yin-yang is a key to unlocking the treasures of traditional Chinese civilization, which can help to bring into play its original values, and continue to provide new insights and directions for the development of modern science and the advancement of humanities’ [23].

Virtumanity – Yin Yang Physics – UFT  

Wei Xu, originally a theoretical physicist from China, then an electrical and computer engineer from the United States of America, working in America as a resourceful entrepreneur, simultaneously delivered comprehensive innovations in information technologies as well as scientific principles and philosophies in natural cosmology and UFT. We are interested in the later. It seems that he ‘received a set of the divine books in the old classic manuscripts: worlds in universe’, during the period 2009 – 2019, from where the ground-breaking philosophies of theoretical physics, starting from constitution of elementary particles to inception of ontology of nature emerged’ [Xu 2019b, ix]. Based on which he straightaway jumped to the statements – ‘The year 2015 bids farewell to an intellectual age defined by classical physics, from Newton’s mechanics of 1687, to General Relativity of 1915, to Quantum Theory of 1920s, and to mathematical physics of today.– The vagueness of mathematized physics has been gone awry and pushed to extreme for a forty-year search on a “Theory of Everything”, followed by another sixty-year period wasted on String or Superstring Theory, M-Theory, and other fairy-tale physics’ [Xu 2019a, x]. From here he moves on to the solution – ‘our ancestors discovered that duality orchestrated and harmonized their reality: sun-moon, warm-cold, materialization-consciousness, body-mind, male-female, thought-action, and more. — What promise hides in the dualities of physics: space-time, wave-particle, energy-mass, spin-charge, positive-negative, symmetry-asymmetry? — These dualities are balanced, interdependent, and inexorable. They are manifest in each particular action and movement, the outcome of a dialectical struggle for superiority. — It is essential to believe that the true framework of our universe is a topological hierarchy of virtual and physical duality, flourishing everywhere among the great streams of life, inspiration, and enlightenment. — Yinyang duality is rooted in the philosophy of seven millennia past, when our ancestors built a profound metaphysics. — Now is the time to realize the duality of metaphysics and physics, and to unite these disciplines in a greater whole’ [xi].

Then he created ‘Virtumanity Inc’, a platform to deal with the sciences in the dialectical nature of virtual and physical duality, where he put up all his thoughts as well as research work which he names ‘yin-yang physics’. The basis of yin-yang is ‘the supernatural principles in an environment of virtual space’, that the ‘Chinese tradition has developed the profound metaphysics and established scientifically the natural laws of Xing or YinYang duality: the reciprocal interaction of the opposite Matter and States is to cause all universal phenomena. — The Yin or Yang, or simply – and +, are the states of or the operation on an element or object, which form a coherent fabric of our nature, as exhibited in all physical existence.’ [Xu 2019b, 4]. From this basic principle, he proceeds with explaining the ‘duality of nature’; ‘energy and mass’, where he shows these two to be one duality of yin-yang nature of universe; ‘universal topology’; ‘quantum fields’; ‘symmetric and asymmetric fields’; ‘principles of ontology’; with generation of essential equations at each stage. His last conclusion is – ‘Finally, quantum ontology integrates general relativity, quantum curvature, gravitational fields seamlessly together’ [180]. 

The following two sections deal with specific scientific issues, one, bipolar dynamic logic; and the other, complex-valued mechanics, linked with yin-yang theory. 

Yin-Yang Theory and Bipolar Dynamic Logic

Wen-Ran Zhang, a computer engineer, alone or along with his co-authors, published many papers using the bipolar dynamic logic to link Yin-Yang to various phenomena such as, quantum cellular automation, quantum computing, equilibrium-based bio-system simulation, bipolar fuzzy logic etc. Here, just two of his publications have been picked for a brief discussion, one, where he uses ‘bipolar Yin-Yang relativity’ as ‘a unifying theory of nature, agents, and life science’ [2009]; and the other, how a ‘Yin-Yang bipolar atom’ can lead ‘an eastern road toward quantum gravity’ [2012]. In these two publications, the author has cited some significant references of Yin-Yang philosophy being used by prominent people in the past such as: ‘the legendary German mathematician Leibniz invented binary numeral system in the 17th century and attributed his invention to YinYang trigrams’ and ‘now binary numeral system is a basis for all digital technologies’ and ‘according to the Daoist cosmology YinYang stands for “everything has two sides or two poles”’, in the former [2009, 382]; and  ‘legendary Danish physicist Niels Bohr, a father figure of quantum mechanics, brought YinYang into quantum theory for his particle-wave complementarity principle’ in the later [2012, 1261]. Even, later, Bohr designed his own coat having the Yin-Yang logo with the Latin statement “contraria sunt complementa” which means “opposites are complementary” [1262]. The two publications are based on this particular philosophy.

In the former publication, the author has introduced ‘Yin Yang bipolar relativity and a real-world bipolar string theory as a unification of nature, agents, and life science.’ He has based his argument on the facts that, ‘bipolarity as an integral and inherent part of equilibrium is inseparable from equilibrium-based holistic truth’; that, action-reaction forces, particle-antiparticle pairs, negative-positive energies, input and output, or Yin and Yang in general are the most fundamental opposites of nature; and that, ‘the Yin-Yang bipolar sub-atomic particles discovered at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory show typical bipolar equilibrium/non-equilibrium properties’. Then, by introducing string theory and using ‘nine axioms and 16 conjectures for microscopic and macroscopic agent interaction, regulation, coordination, and exploratory scientific discovery in physical and social sciences’, he has proved that ‘bipolar relativity constitutes an equilibrium-based axiomatization of physics – a partial but most general solution Hilbert’s problem 6’ [2009,377]. In conclusion, he mentions that ‘the significance of this work lies in its equilibrium-based open-world open-ended unification of nature, life science, and socioeconomics as well as general relativity, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, causality, and agent interaction’ [382].

In the later publication, the author starts with the facts that ‘Yin-Yang bipolar equilibrium-based approach to physics and science provides a fundamental super symmetrical alternative for scientific unification’ and ‘atom as a basic unit of matter should follow equilibrium or non-equilibrium conditions’ [2012, 1261]. Then he introduces a causal theory of Yin-Yang bipolar atom based on bipolar dynamic logic and bipolar quantum linear algebra which ‘provides a springboard to an equilibrium-based logical unification of particle and wave, matter and antimatter, relativity and quantum theory, strings and reality as well as big bang and black hole’ [1262]. Finally, the author brings out five postulates: (1) ‘Bipolar quantum entanglement is the most fundamental entanglement in quantum gravity’, (2) ‘YinYang bipolarity is the most fundamental property of the universe’, (3) ‘YinYang bipolar atom is a bipolar set of quantum entangled particle and antiparticle pairs’, (4) ‘Gravity is fundamentally large or small scale bipolar quantum entanglement’, and (5) ‘The speed of gravity is limited by the speed of quantum entanglement and not by that of light’ [1269]. The final lines of his conclusion read – ‘— the equilibrium-based approach to quantum gravity is fundamentally different from other approaches in philosophical basis. Since all beings must exist in a certain equilibrium or non-equilibrium, a scientific reincarnation of philosophy is predicted’ [1270]. 

Yin-Yang Theory and Complex Mechanics

One very important publication here is “A scientific realization and verification of Yin-Yang theory: complex-valued mechanics” [Yang 2010] by an author who is a super-specialist in the real scientific domain of complex and quantum mechanics. He starts with the fact that the philosophy of Tai Chi believes that the Tao, meaning nature, contains two parts, one is yang which is the observable (real) part, and the other is yin that is the unobservable (imaginary) part. Mathematically, it means that the nature is a complex-valued world and what we sense and measure is only the real physical world we experience in our daily life. The author compares it to be similar as the complex-valued mechanics, also known as quantum Hamilton mechanics with which he works in his laboratory, which is based on the same philosophy that the actual scenario of dynamic motion happens in complex space and the physical reality is merely its projection into the real space. Then he makes the statement – ‘Complex-valued mechanics (complex mechanics in short) is a rigorous physical realization of Yin-Yang theory, providing a unified approach to classical mechanics, quantum mechanics and relativistic mechanics under complex space.’ [136].

  The author mentions that the symbol of Tai Chi is a combination of yin and yang, the former is marked with black and the later with white; although it is believed that always there is some white in the black and vice-versa. The author also believes that the Yin-Yang theory has remained an issue of pure-philosophy for a long time and this complex mechanics study of his is the first scientific realization of this theory through the mathematical language of complex variables and points out strong evidence of Yin-Yang duality in quantum mechanics. To prove his point, the author proceeds to first define a motion in complex space according to the Yin-Yang philosophy, then derives its equations of motion from the quantum Hamilton equations, and subsequently verifies ‘the Yin-Yang duality in quantum mechanics by showing how complex motions and their related real/imaginary interactions give rise to various quantum phenomena as observed from the real space’ [137]. All these quantum phenomena include tunnelling, spin, quantization, uncertainty principle, multiple paths and wave-particle duality, all originate from the Yin-Yang entanglement, i.e., the interaction between real and imaginary motions in complex space. Finally, he concludes – ‘— just as the interaction between Yin and Yang creates the universe, the interaction between real and imaginary motions produces all the observed quantum phenomena. The couplet shown in Fig. 11 highlights the role of the complex mechanics as a bridge between the Yin-Yang duality in Tai Chi and the wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics.’ [154]. 

Conclusion

In the introduction, the objective of this paper was fixed to combine the dualities of form and function utilizing the universal archetypal opposites of yin and yang, the ancient Chinese philosophy. To what extent this objective is fulfilled? Obviously, many of the studies presented above have used the yin-yang philosophy as a combination of virtual and physical dualities, whether in hypothesis, in reality, as bipolar dynamic logic, or, as complex-valued mechanics. One citation demands a place here – ‘Therefore, yin and yang are created to describe the properties of natural substances, and the movement of yin and yang is to illustrate the change patterns of the natural substances. Form and field are inseparable and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. The properties of yin and yang are not absolutely fixed’ [Song and Cao 2022, 25]. At least form and field find special mention. How all these studies will influence the theoretical physicists remains to be seen. 

References

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19. Zhang, Wen-Ran. 2012. “Yin Yang Bipolar Atom – An Eastern Road toward Quantum Gravity.” Journal of Modern Physics 3, 2012: 1261-1271. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256792654

Abstract

Astrophysics is one of the greatest achievements of human thought, but it has several limitations. It depends mainly on indirect observations, distant cosmic events, and limited technology, which create uncertainty in our understanding. Many important ideas cannot yet be tested directly, making it hard to separate proven science from speculation. Astrophysical research is also expensive and requires large infrastructure, limiting access and progress. The immense size and complexity of the universe further challenge human ideas of certainty and meaning. These drawbacks show that astrophysical knowledge is temporary and incomplete, reminding us to remain humble about what science can truly explain. Quantum computing can overcome astrophysics’ limitations by enabling faster simulations, analyzing massive datasets, and modeling complex cosmic phenomena beyond classical computations.

Key Words: Astrophysics, Indirect observation, Technological limitations, Uncertainty, Theoretical models, Quantum computing, Cosmic scale.

 Astrophysics is one of the most fascinating branches of science, dedicated to understanding the universe beyond Earth. It investigates the origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate of stars, galaxies, and other cosmic phenomena through advanced theories and modern technology. Standing at the frontier of human knowledge, astrophysics has revolutionized our understanding of black holes, cosmic evolution, and the large-scale structure of the universe using space telescopes, particle detectors, and powerful simulations. However, despite its remarkable achievements, the field faces significant limitations. It relies largely on indirect observations and complex models, and is constrained by high costs, technological dependence, and theoretical uncertainties. Examining these drawbacks helps clarify the boundaries of astrophysical knowledge and promotes a more balanced and realistic view of scientific progress [1, 2].

Indirect Observation 

 One of the major drawbacks of astrophysics is its heavy reliance on indirect observation. Unlike laboratory sciences, where experiments can be performed under controlled conditions, astrophysics does not allow direct experimentation on stars, galaxies, or black holes. These objects are located at vast distances and exist under extreme physical conditions that are impossible to recreate on Earth. As a result, astrophysicists must depend on information carried by electromagnetic signals such as visible light, radio waves, X-rays, gamma rays, and even gravitational waves emitted by distant cosmic sources. For instance, black holes cannot be observed directly because they emit no light; their existence is inferred from the motion of nearby stars or from intense X-rays produced by superheated matter spiraling into them. Such signals are often weak, altered by cosmic dust, or limited by the sensitivity of instruments. Consequently, astrophysical interpretations rely strongly on theoretical models and assumptions, which may be revised as new observations and technologies emerge [3, 4].

Inaccessibility of Astronomical Phenomena 

 One of the major limitations of astrophysics is that most astronomical phenomena are physically unreachable. Stars, galaxies, neutron stars, and black holes exist at enormous distances and under extreme conditions of temperature, density, and energy that humans cannot reproduce or directly explore. For example, a supernova explosion occurs millions of light-years away and releases more energy in seconds than the Sun will emit in its entire lifetime. Scientists cannot examine such an event directly; they can only study the light and particles that reach Earth long after the explosion. Similarly, the interior of a black hole cannot be observed because no information can escape beyond its event horizon. As a result, many astrophysical theories remain only partially tested, which include the explanation for dark matter, dark energy, or the conditions of the early universe. This inaccessibility leads to multiple competing models and ongoing scientific debate [2, 3, 5].

Infrastructure and Equipment Barrier 

 Astrophysics faces a major challenge due to technological constraints, as progress in the field depends heavily on advanced instruments and infrastructure. Discoveries rely on powerful telescopes, highly sensitive detectors, large data-processing systems, and complex space missions, all of which require significant time, expertise, and financial investment. Developing a single space observatory often takes several decades from initial planning to final deployment. For example, the James Webb Space Telescope required more than twenty years of development and billions of dollars before it began scientific operations. Any technical failure during launch or operation can result in the loss of years of effort and vast public funding. Because such technologies are extremely expensive, only a few scientifically advanced nations or international collaborations can afford them. This technological dependence slows the pace of discovery, limits global participation, and creates inequality in access to cutting-edge astrophysical research and observational facilities [6-9].

Budgetary Pressures

 The economic burden of astrophysical research is a significant drawback, as many projects demand enormous financial resources. Large-scale initiatives, including space telescopes, particle observatories, and deep-space missions, often require billions of dollars in public funding. For instance, the James Webb Space Telescope cost over $10 billion from development to launch, making it one of the most expensive scientific instruments in history. While such projects advance human understanding of the universe, critics argue that this investment may seem disconnected from urgent societal needs like healthcare, education, or poverty reduction, particularly in developing countries. Allocating vast sums to explore distant galaxies or black holes can spark debates over ethical priorities and resource distribution. Governments and funding agencies must balance the pursuit of fundamental scientific knowledge with immediate social responsibilities. This economic challenge highlights the tension between humanity’s curiosity about the cosmos and the practical needs of people on Earth [7].

Conceptual and Philosophical Limitations 

 Astrophysics faces important conceptual and philosophical limitations that arise from the nature of the universe and the limits of human knowledge. Many astrophysical theories are mathematically elegant and logically consistent, yet they remain difficult or impossible to verify through direct observation. Ideas such as cosmic inflation, multiverses, dark energy, and string-inspired cosmologies push science to the edge of what can be tested. When experimental evidence is lacking, theory often fills the gap, increasing the risk of speculation. Unlike laboratory sciences, astrophysics cannot perform controlled experiments; it can only observe distant signals from the past. This makes knowledge uncertain and often provisional. The vastness of time and space challenges human understanding, prompting deep philosophical questions about existence, meaning, certainty, and the nature of truth in our universe. Thus, astrophysics frequently blurs the boundary between physics and philosophy, reminding us that scientific explanations are shaped not only by mathematics and technology but also by human limitations [10, 11].

Simulation-Driven Research Challenges 

 A major limitation of astrophysics is its heavy dependence on sophisticated computer simulations. Contemporary research often relies on numerical models to investigate phenomena such as galaxy formation, stellar evolution, and the universe’s large-scale structure. These simulations enable exploration of scenarios impossible to recreate in laboratories, yet they are highly sensitive to assumptions, initial conditions, and uncertain parameters. For instance, models of galaxy formation can yield vastly different results depending on how dark matter, gas dynamics, or star formation processes are represented. Even minor adjustments to input parameters can produce contrasting predictions, generating ambiguity rather than certainty. Consequently, while simulations are invaluable for guiding our understanding of cosmic processes, they cannot fully substitute observational evidence. This reliance underscores the tentative nature of theoretical astrophysics and the ongoing debates among competing models [12].

Communication Gap with Public 

 Astrophysics faces a notable communication gap with the public. Many discoveries in the field are highly abstract, mathematically complex, and conceptually challenging, making them difficult for non-specialists to fully understand. For example, concepts like black hole singularities or dark energy involve advanced physics and equations that are not easily conveyed in simple terms. This complexity can lead to misinterpretation or exaggeration in popular media, sometimes creating misconceptions about cosmic events. A case in point is the 2012 media coverage of the Large Hadron Collider, where some reports falsely suggested it could destroy the Earth, causing public alarm. Similarly, sensationalized accounts of asteroid impacts or black hole threats can distort the real scientific context. These challenges underscore the importance of clear, accurate science communication to bridge the gap between cutting-edge astrophysical research and public understanding [13].

Role of Quantum Computing

 Quantum computing has the potential to significantly address several limitations and drawbacks of astrophysics by providing unprecedented computational power and new ways to model complex systems. Here’s how it can help:

1. Handling Complex Simulations: Many astrophysical phenomena—such as galaxy formation, stellar evolution, or black hole dynamics—require extremely large-scale simulations with countless interacting variables. Classical computers often struggle with these calculations due to exponential complexity. Quantum computers can process vast amounts of information simultaneously using qubits, allowing for faster and more accurate simulations of highly complex cosmic systems [14].
2. Reducing Uncertainty in Models: Astrophysical models rely on approximations and assumptions because of incomplete data. Quantum computing can efficiently explore many possible configurations at once, improving predictions for systems like dark matter distributions or the behavior of dense stellar objects [15].
3. Analyzing Big Data: Modern astrophysics produces enormous datasets from telescopes, satellites, and particle detectors. Quantum algorithms can accelerate the analysis of this data, identifying subtle patterns and correlations that might be missed by classical methods, which can refine theories and reduce ambiguity [16].
4. Optimizing Instrument Design: Designing advanced detectors, space telescopes, or particle observatories involves complex optimization problems. Quantum computing can explore optimal configurations more efficiently, enhancing sensitivity and reducing technological limitations [17].
5. Exploring Theoretical Physics: Certain aspects of astrophysics, such as quantum gravity, black hole thermodynamics, or early universe conditions, involve calculations that are practically impossible for classical computers. Quantum computing can simulate quantum-level interactions in extreme environments, providing insights that bridge theoretical speculation and observation [18].
6. Example: Simulating the interior of a neutron star or the quantum effects near a black hole is currently beyond classical computational reach due to extreme densities and relativistic conditions. Quantum computers could model these extreme environments more realistically, helping verify or refine existing astrophysical theories [19]. 

 Thus, quantum computing offers a transformative tool for overcoming computational, theoretical, and technological barriers in astrophysics, potentially reducing uncertainty, enhancing simulations, and opening new avenues for discovery in regions of the universe previously inaccessible to study.

Conclusion 

 Astrophysics stands as one of the most remarkable achievements of modern science, offering profound insights into the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe. However, the field faces several significant limitations that shape its scope and progress. Observational constraints, such as the inability to directly manipulate distant stars or cosmic phenomena, restrict empirical verification. Technological dependency further challenges research, as advanced telescopes, detectors, and space missions require decades of development and substantial financial investment. The high economic costs of large-scale projects, combined with theoretical uncertainties in areas like dark matter, dark energy, and cosmic evolution, add additional layers of complexity. Recognizing these drawbacks does not diminish the importance of astrophysics; instead, it promotes a more balanced and critical understanding of what the field can achieve. By fostering intellectual humility, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, and ensuring responsible investment, astrophysics can continue to expand human knowledge while respecting the natural boundaries of the cosmos.

References

1. Longair, M. S. Galaxy Formation. Springer, 2008.
2. Peebles, P. J. E. Principles of Physical Cosmology. Princeton University Press, 1993.
3. Carroll, B. W., & Ostlie, D. A. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press, 2017.
4. Thorne, K. S. Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy. W. W. Norton & Company, 1994.
5. Misner, C. W., Thorne, K. S., & Wheeler, J. A. Gravitation. W. H. Freeman, 1973.
6. Gardner, J. P., et al. “The James Webb Space Telescope.” Space Science Reviews, 123, 485–606 (2006).
7. National Research Council (NRC). New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics. National Academies Press, 2010.
8. Harwit, M. Cosmic Discovery: The Search, Scope, and Heritage of Astronomy. MIT Press, 1981.
9. Merton, R. K. “The Matthew Effect in Science.” Science, 159, 56–63 (1968).
10. Ellis, G. F. R., Issues in the Philosophy of Cosmology. In Handbook of the Philosophy of Science: Philosophy of Physics, Elsevier, 2007.
11. Smolin, L., The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next. Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
12. Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M., “Dark matter and cosmic structure.” Annalen der Physik, 524, 507–534 (2012).
13. Burns, T. W., O’Connor, D. J., & Stocklmayer, S. M., “Science communication: A contemporary definition.” Public Understanding of Science, 12, 183–202 (2003).
14. Preskill, J., “Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond.” Quantum, 2, 79 (2018).
15. Georgescu, I. M., Ashhab, S., & Nori, F., “Quantum simulation.” Reviews of Modern Physics, 86, 153–185 (2014).
16. Biamonte, J., et al., “Quantum machine learning.” Nature, 549, 195–202 (2017).
17. Dunjko, V., & Briegel, H. J., “Machine learning & artificial intelligence in the quantum domain.” Reports on Progress in Physics, 81, 074001 (2018).
18. Lloyd, S., “Universal Quantum Simulators.” Science, 273, 1073–1078 (1996).
19. Jordan, S. P., Lee, K. S. M., & Preskill, J., “Quantum algorithms for quantum field theories.” Science, 336, 1130–1133 (2012).

Abstract

Certain events are so common that it skips the scientific enquiry as to why it is so? The natural growth of trees is directed vertically upwards. For such directional growth, a directional dominating force in the growing-front is essential. It is also seen that the direction can be changed responding to the direction of centrifugal force if the pot with the tree is kept on a spinning disc. Obviously, when the magnitude of centrifugal force is high, the natural directional force in the vertical direction becomes significant. Electric field influences plant growth, generally leading to increased germination rates, and accelerated growth depending on factors like the field strength, duration, and polarity of the field. This article has discussed the possible nature of forces that grow plants vertically upward direction.

Key wards: growth direction of trees, field forces in plant growth, electric field of earth, field effect on plant growth.

Introduction

Plants like animals require food for survival. The plants require sunlight for synthesis of their food and many physiological processes. Plants kept inside a room facing a window are seen to bend towards the window to get more sunlight. From this phenomenon, one might say that the plants grow upward because the mean position of the sun is vertically upward. When a plant grows upward the mass of the plant increases and the center of gravity of the plant shifts upward. In the growth process the plant is doing work against gravity. Obviously, some vertically upward force stronger than gravity is in action and we need to understand the same.

Discussion

Only in the equatorial zone, the sun’s mean position is vertical. However, in higher latitudes (polar regions) the sunlight is always oblique and the mean position of the sun is also inclined to the vertical. If the above hypothesis is correct, then all trees in higher latitudes would have been tilted towards the Equator (Fig.1). In fact, this does not happen. Obviously, there is a stronger vertically upward field force acting on the growing-front of the trees which promotes the growth of trees in vertically upward direction against gravity. On surveying the various fields (potential gradients) present near the surface of the Earth, we notice the presence of three distinct types of fields. They are: (1) the gravity field, (2) the positive electric field on average 100 volts/meter and 3) the negative thermal field (6oC/km). Beside the above fields; there may be some less-known fields. Let us examine how the growth of trees respond to the thermal and the electric fields.

Abstract

The wave particle duality accepted for light is conceptually inconsistent and against the consistent norms of nature. Light is conceptualized differently in different contexts such as light is a wave packet, a point particle, a field excitation but there is no definite consensus for any one of these concepts. It is also postulated that light waves do not require a medium which is far from reality. On the other hand, the particle concept of light is feasible therefore is a reality, however, it fails to explain many phenomena of light. The fault lies with the defective understanding of the structure of the light particle, the ignorance of the non-electric charge state of the light particle and the structure & non-electric charge field in the medium and in the interface. Light particles while moving from one medium to another medium essentially pass through the interface of the mediums where it exhibits different phenomena such as reflection, refraction of light. Thus, a clear understanding of the structure and field of the interface becomes a vital issue for the field particle interaction in interpreting the surface phenomena of light. In macro scale the interface has zero thickness but in micro domain scale its thickness spreads to few atomic dimensions. Again, the interface thickness becomes infinite in micro-micro domain scale (photonic scale). Thus, a light particle has enough room for its dynamics in the photonic charge field within the interface. The photonic charge field within the structure of the interface medium is formed by micro-micro domain space matter particles (light particles). In the new concept, the light particles have rest mass, mass-space structure and carry photonic charge and the interface zone has a photonic charge field. While the new model of light particles and the new understanding of interface have scope of explaining all phenomena of light, this paper explains the reflection & refraction of light from classical analysis.   

Key words: Micro-micro structure, Light particles, Reflection of light, Refraction of light,Wave particle duality, Wave packet, Point particle, Field excitation.

Discussion

The universe is a continuum of mass-space systems, where mass contains space and space contains space-matter-particles [1]. Space has a continuum in the universe and matter has discrete form in it. Due to mass-space interaction, any discrete form of matter remains connected with other matters of the universe. Discrete matter is surrounded by a space medium therefore the surface of matter (solid or liquid) is essentially the interface between matter and space or between any two types of matter with different density. At the macroscopic scale, the interface is treated as having zero thickness. In the micro-domain scale, the same interface extends over a few atomic dimensions. At the micro-micro domain scale, the interface no longer has a finite boundary and effectively spreads over an infinite thickness (Fig.1). The interface structure is influenced by the structures of two interfacing mediums.

Abstract 

Our understanding is shaped by our objective. If the goal is merely to reproduce atomic spectra, one may adopt a model without concern for its physical reality. However, if the objective is to explain atomic spectra while preserving common-sense reasoning and cause-and-effect logic, a different, more realistic view of atomic structure emerges. Such an approach promotes harmony among different sciences in their pursuit of nature’s truth. The author is pursuing such a new unified science with a common basic assumption for different sciences. In this new concept, mass and space are the only basic physical constituents of the universe and its components in different domains. There exists mass-space interaction, thus, matter of any domain in any state is essentially a mass-space integral system. Any system of the universe has structure composed of matters of finer domain and the said system is also a constituent of higher domain where it takes part in the structural integrity of the system of the higher domain by the same mass-space interaction. In this way the entire universe remains integrated by mass-space interactions. Mass or space alone doesn’t have a form but when mass and space are integrated by mass-space interaction, definite objects are formed having shape, size, dimensions, with definite ratio of mass and space. The universal mass-space interaction gives rise to the form-based/ system-based/ object-based interaction property of matter with involvement of geometry. The existence of matter in the macro domain (stars, planets, satellites and other objects observable to the naked eye) and in the micro domain (atoms, molecules and sub-atomic particles) is well known. However, we remain largely unaware of a finer “micro-micro” domain (one level below the micro domain). In a larger-scale unit system, the size and mass of smaller constituents become insignificant (≈ zero); atomic and sub-atomic particles are negligible in macro-scale units, and stars and planets are negligible in galactic-scale units. Likewise, in the micro domain scale, the size and mass of light particles become insignificant (≈ zero). Hence, in present understanding, light is often treated as a point particle without mass.

The present author considers galaxies as macro-macro domain objects and light particles as micro-micro domain objects. Galaxies are composed of stars, and stars and sub-stellar bodies are composed of atomic and sub-atomic particles. By analogy with the structure of celestial bodies, atomic and sub-atomic particles may be conceptualized as constituted of micro-micro domain particles. In any domain, bodies are ultimately constituted of mass and space; therefore, mass–space interaction is present in all domains. This basic, formless mass–space interaction is viewed as the unchangeable supreme reality of nature (Brahman in the Vedic concept). While this formless interaction is universal, the form-based interaction properties vary from object to object.

 Form-based properties arise from the formless interaction of mass and space together with geometrical parameters. Hence, properties such as density of mass, density of space, charge and charge potential, and energy and energy potential (energy level) are expected to exist in matter across all domains with comparable significance. It is therefore necessary to consider the mass–space structures in each domain and to express domain-specific properties in a universal language using common universal entities. Since structural and functional properties depend on mass, space, and geometry, similarities of structure across domains are inevitable.

A micro-micro structural perspective can enrich classical physics in addressing micro-domain phenomena. The author has published several articles introducing these concepts in different issues of this journal. A comprehensive unified science is feasible, but it requires changes in existing concepts of micro-domain physics.

Key words: Unification of sciences, Reality based approach, Macro-macro domain,

Micro-micro domain, Mass-space interaction, Formless matter, Form-based properties, Consciousness-based science, Particle-particle interaction, Particle-field interaction, Field-field interaction.

Introduction

Some scientist feels ‘nature need not be as complicated as scientists have thought it to be and may be, nature is simple and we are yet to understand the same’ [1]. Thought alone, without strong desire and action cannot lead to success in understanding the simplicity of nature. The macro existences are directly observable hence no model of the object or event is required to speculate the reality. The spiritual science developed by yogic practice and deep perception coupled with higher consciousness is also a kind of direct experience of the reality of nature and here also, no model is required for realization of truth. Scientists prepare models of objects and events for understanding the reality in unseen micro domains. The unbiased conscious minds of scientists motivate them to make models in the light of reality, experienced in the macro domain. The reality-based atomic model (planetary atomic model) failed to explain the atomic spectra, hence scientists made additions and alterations in the planetary model of atom to justify the spectra of atoms, thus making deviations from reality. One may wonder, why the reality-based model failed to explain the spectra of atoms! In fact, the so-made atomic model (planetary atomic model) overlooked many features of the solar system; hence the reality-based model was incomplete. It is quite natural that an incomplete atomic model cannot justify the complete atomic phenomena. A macro system has many structural and functional aspects of reality. For example: the solar system has many aspects of reality such as 1) the solar system has a nucleus and an extra-nuclear structure comprising orbital planets; 2) the planets again have orbiting satellites; 3) the extra-nuclear space structure of sun, planets, satellites and asteroids contains space matter particles; 4) the planets are of different size having different mass and many more. Scientists attempted to make the planetary atomic model by considering only aspect-1 of the sun-planet system and ignored all other aspects. Despite the orbital planets in the solar system having different mass and size the electrons in the atomic model were considered identical. The presence of micro-domain space matter particles (atoms and molecules) in the extra-nuclear space structure of celestial bodies was not reflected in the planetary atomic model. It is absolutely necessary to consider the presence of finer particles (micro-micro domain particles such as, light particles) in the extra-nuclear space structure of the planetary atomic model. Hence, the planetary atomic model was not a complete model. When the incomplete planetary atomic model could not explain the spectra of atoms, the model was augmented mathematically by making unnatural hypotheses and axioms to explain the spectra of atoms which made deviations from the real atomic structure. No such hypotheses are found valid in other domains of nature for understanding the reality. If the planetary atomic model would have incorporated all structural features of solar system, then the atomic model could have been complete, in the light of reality and such a complete model could have explained all phenomena of atom in a natural manner and we would not have accepted the micro phenomena is different from macro phenomena. We have also accepted wave particle duality for light and electrons since the dual concept was needed to supplement the defective theory of light and the defective atomic model. According to this author, duality can never be the reality of nature; it is only a manmade concept to supplement the defective theory. Proper understanding of the micro-micro structure of light-particles (photon) and the fine micro-micro structure of vacuum medium has scope of understanding the different phenomena of light without entertaining duality. Similarly, the reality-based complete atomic model does not require the wave particle duality of electrons. Modern science has accepted many unnatural (impractical) concepts such as the existence of waves without a medium, angular momentum of the body without a torque transfer link, existence of mass-less particles, mass-less particles having momentum, etc. which doesn’t appear comfortable to anyone. The micro domain science has accommodated many unrealistic assumptions for which science has deviated away from reality, thus keeping aside the commonsense knowledge and cause-to-effect analogy in micro domain physics. The reality based commonsense and the universal caused-to-effect analogy becomes misfit in micro domain physics due to unrealistic assumptions.

Discussion 

Charge is a state property of matter 

Charge without mass is not found in nature. Hence, the charge is a state property of matter. In present-day physics, electric charge is a fundamental attribute, not something built from smaller parts. Charge exists in a fundamental particle because the particle possesses an intrinsic, stable mode of interaction with space that manifests as electromagnetic attraction or repulsion. There is no deeper internal structure in the Standard Model that explains how charge is made; how charge exists; how algebraic addition is feasible for different types of charge; how the magnitude of charge is fixed; how charge is conserved. The fundamental particle carrying charge is considered as a point particle, hence there is no scope of understanding how charge appears from the structural features of charge bearing particles except assuming it to be an intrinsic property of matter.

 In the new concept mass and space are the only basic constituents of the universe. There exists a mass-space interaction which gives rise to different form-based existences (objects). A definite object (mass-space integral system) has a definite ratio of mass and space which may be described as the extent of space holding per unit mass. If all matters in a locality have equilibrium space holding i.e. the space holding per unit of mass or mass content per unit of space is same for all matters, then they are neutral to one another. If a matter in a locality of neutral matters does not have equilibrium space holding then the said matter is an active matter in the local frame. The active matter may be termed as charged matter, where matter holding less space per unit of mass (mass rich matter) than its equilibrium value becomes positively charged and that holding more space per unit of mass (space rich matter) becomes negatively charged. The positive and negative charges correspond to different charge values in a relative scale because negative charge does not exist in the absolute scale. An equal amount of positive and negative charge neutralizes and makes neutral matter. 

Neutralization of positive and negative charge is not feasible if the charges are of different types. On the other hand, justifying the attraction of dissimilar charge and repulsion of similar charge becomes a problem if the charges are of one type. The above controversy is required to be resolved. This author has shown elsewhere that charge is one type and charge interaction takes place only in a charge potential difference where justification of charge repulsion is not a problem in the new concept [2]. The zero charge potential of neutral matter is not zero in absolute scale. It is only the reference zero of the relative charge scale. Thus, a charge potential difference exists between a charge particle and so-called neutral matter. Hence weaker charge interaction takes place between a charge particle and so-called neutral particle. However, much stronger charge interaction takes place between a positive charge and negative charge with higher charge potential difference. Every charge has a potential which refers to the degree of deficiency or surplus space holding per unit of matter with reference to the space holding of neutral matter per unit of mass. In the existing context we consider only charge value without a potential. The charge stored in a macro capacitor has both quantity of charge and the potential at which it is stored. Hence, every charge holding including the fundamental charge particle has a charge potential. In existing understanding only a fixed quantity of charge is assumed in fundamental particles without a reference to its potential. Hence, we failed to understand how two types of charges can be unified by relative charge potential value similar to temperature. The following paragraph explains how a negative charge becomes positive in a different frame of reference.

An x-particle having much lower absolute charge potential than that of conventional electrons becomes highly negatively charged. In a different charge relative scale, the conventional electrons would be found to carry positive charge where the x-particle in the same scale would be found to carry negative charge. Hence electrons can become a nucleus and form its extra-nuclear space structure with x-particles as its orbital particles. This is like the orbiting earth assuming the status of a nucleus where the moon is the orbital body. 

The mathematical positive and negative charge characterizes only the magnitude of charge in a relative scale which is erroneously interpreted as two different types having different interactions such as dissimilar charge attracts and similar charge repeals. In reality, charge is only one type and charge interaction appears in a charge potential difference. The positively charged matter interacts with the negatively charged matter since there exists a less known potential difference. The positive and negative charges when combined, the product becomes neutral if the space holding per unit mass equal to that of neutral matter. Existence of charge without mass is not found in nature hence charge is only a state property of matter by virtue of its structural configuration of mass and space in finer domain. At present electrons are considered as point particles carrying fixed charge. The definition of electron refers to its external interaction pattern without discussing how charge appears in the point particle. All physical existences have a geometrical representation with dimension however small it may be. When you fail to conceptualize the dimensional features of a particle we make it a dimensionless point particle. Theoretically a point particle cannot hold any physical entity nor can have any associated property. A so-called point particle of any domain, in reality, has a structure which is revealed in finer domain scale. In the new concept the micro domain particles are constituted of micro-micro domain particles and not constituted of finer micro domain particles [3]. This may be realized from the structure of a macro celestial body. A macro celestial body is constituted of micro particles (atoms) and not constituted of smaller celestial bodies (like asteroids). Hence, protons are realistically constituted of micro-micro domain particles and not constituted of quarks. The electron also constituted of micro-micro domain particles. The new mass-space structure of a particle having a nucleus and extra nuclear space structure is common to all centrally organized structures in different domains. Hence electrons and protons can have their structure and possess the structure base properties (charge potential and charge) which can be derived from mass-space configuration. 

Significance of time

Time is not a physical entity. In a static universe time has no significance; however, time appears in a dynamic universe. Thus, a moving body has a dynamic state property (dynamism) that renders the significance of time. A more dynamic body takes less duration to reach the destination or complete a work function than the less dynamic body and vice versa. Hence, the dynamism ‘d’ of a body is inversely proportional to time ‘t’. Either ‘d’ or ‘t’ is enough for dynamics. The dynamic system and its dynamism (velocity) are observable but time is not observable hence time is fictitious. But we are used to the concept of time and there is no harm in using the same, however the real significance of time comes from dynamism [4]. The concept that time is a separate entity and it flows is not correct.

Understanding the significance of space time

According to the new concept, space itself is physical and compressible. Thus, physical space can have different space density (space content per unit volume).   Space contains space-matter-particles in finer domains. The space matter particles remain suspended within space due to space-mass attraction. The number density of space matter particles is directly proportional to space density. Space with space matter particles forms the gaseous state of matter. The atmospheric air, hydrogen gas, oxygen gas etc. refers to space with atomic and molecular space matter particles. The name of a gas refers to the specific nature of the particles present in it. For example, hydrogen particles in a gaseous state form hydrogen gas, oxygen particles form oxygen gas, and free electrons in vacuum form electron gas. This author has anticipated that matter exists in micro-micro domain (one domain below micro domain). The micro-micro domain matter (light particles and the field forming particles) is yet to be accepted as matter with mass. In the space medium/vacuum medium the atomic and molecular particles are absent. However, in the new concept, space/vacuum contains micro-micro domain particles (light particles) as space matter particles. Thus, space or so-called vacuum can be logically called photon-gas/photonic-gas in the light of the nomenclature of hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, electron gas etc. In any case, the photonic gas is physical because space itself is physical in the new concept. Hence, in the new concept the motion of a gas is essentially the motion of the space medium with space matter particles like the motion of the liquid medium with suspended matter. Any physical medium can have independent motion or associative motion. The extra nuclear space structure (atmosphere) of the earth moves along with the earth in its orbital motion and rotate along with the rotation of the earth. Hence any space pocket within the extra-nuclear space structure of the earth has definite motion, thus having a dynamism or time as its state property. Because the velocity of the space medium within the extra-nuclear space structure of the earth varies spatially, it was possible to fuse space and time into a single frame. Thus, the physical significance of space-time refers to the moving space medium as the reality. The dynamics of the particle/body is influenced by the dynamic state of the space medium.

Formless and formless interaction and existence of matter in finer domain

Mass and space are the only basic constituents of the universe and all its components in different domains [5]. Hence different forms (objects, systems) of the universe in different domains are composed of the same basic formless constituents (mass and space) of the universe with a common instinct of mass-space interactions that maintains the integrity of different components of the universe and the universe as a whole. Even though the basic formless mass–space interaction remains the same for all events of nature in all domains, the form-based interactions of different particles, bodies and fields in different domains vary due to variations in the densities of mass and space integrated within the particle, body, or space-medium. While describing the object-based properties of any local object or event in any domain, we formulate a domain-based language involving local terminology, where the universal link is often ignored. This has promoted different domain-based sciences, such as macro-domain science and micro-domain science. All existences and events are real and natural with universal link where all models are artificial and studied in isolation without a boundary condition. For example, the lack of boundary conditions in the existing atomic model delinks the atoms from the rest of the universe.  A model can be close to reality only if its assumptions are realistic and the boundary conditions are considered. An assumption becomes realistic only if it is feasible in real terms.

Realization of structural and functional uniformity in different domains

Mass and space are the basic constituents of the universe and its components in different domains [5] and charge is an active property of matter in a non-equilibrium state of mass-space association [2]. Hence mass, space and charge are uniformly present in all domains of nature and we need to identify them for understanding the uniformity of nature. In relative charge scale the charge potential may become zero but in absolute scale it has absolute charge potential. Hence, charge exists in neutral matter on an absolute scale. The charge property of matter being a function of mass-space association, other forms of charge (non-electric charge) is feasible in matters of other domains. The evaluation of the non-electric charge state of finer domain matter is not feasible from their response to electric charge interaction. The domain-based understanding of nature masks the universal reality of nature. The domain free universal understanding is feasible by exploring the symmetry in the structure of matter in different domains. The cause of quantum phenomena in the micro domain and the cause of formation of fields in space lies with the science of micro-micro domain. Hence the unnatural complex micro domain physics can be simplified by exploring the reality in finer domains. Commonsense knowledge is natural (not acquired through models) and the cause-to-effect analogy is the most general inquiry for knowing the reality at every juncture, hence commonsense should have retained its stand in the microdomain physics. The above change of concept helps to achieve the objective of unification of sciences i.e. understanding the different aspects of nature in different domains without violating the uniformity of nature. All hurdles would disappear if we move with nature (do not violate the norms of nature). The comprehensive understanding of nature through unification of sciences becomes feasible if one is open to changes in the established concept of science. 

Perception to new micro-micro domain matter helps classical physics in understanding micro phenomena 

Vedic science has the insight into the basic reality of nature which is revealed from the significance of Brahman and defines Brahman as the supreme unchanging reality that pervades the universe and beyond. The term beyond universe can have two types of interpretation, 1) beyond the boundary of the physical structure of the universe; 2) finer domains beyond the known domains of the physical universe. The latter refers to the existence of matter in finer domains below micro domain, say micro-micro domain and below (spiritual domain). For a unified understanding of materials science and spiritual science, the spiritual science can be interpreted as the science of matter in micro-micro domain and below, where the matter value of these particles is non-detectable by the scientific instruments meant for characterization of micro particles. Modern science unduly considers them as massless particles without rest existence. This implies, matter exists in finer domains below the so-called lowest limit of matter in the micro domain. The matter value of micro-micro domain particles and below is not verifiable in science. But, the interactions of these fine particles in our brain system produces consciousness of mind. The consciousness-based science is considered as the non-materials science, commonly abbreviated as spiritual science’.  No such classification (materials science and spiritual science) exists in nature; they are only manmade. 

Matter (mass-space integral system) can have different densities of mass and space in different forms (objects) in different domains where the form-based interaction (particle-particle interaction, field-particle interaction and field-field interaction) involving matters of different domains exhibit different strength and range of interaction. Despite the variation of form-based interactions in different domains the basic formless interaction of mass and space remains as the supreme unchanging reality of nature. Hence, similarity of structures and features of systems comprising mass and space in different domains is inevitable. This author has anticipated the common general feature of mass-space structure of centrally organized systems in all domains of nature. Vedas, Vedanta and Bhagavat Geeta also describe the complete similarity between microcosm and macrocosm implying similarity of structure and feature of systems in all domains of nature. We also notice similarities of structure among the galactic system, solar system, planet system and asteroid system in having nucleus, extra-nuclear structure and presence of space matter particles in the extra-nuclear structure. Even after the discovery of the nucleus of an atom, the atomic structure could not be modelled properly by replicating all structural features of the solar system mainly because many solar features were not known then. Thus, the vital extra-nuclear space structure with space matter particles could not be included in the atomic model due to lack of perception of the physical nature of space and the presence of space matter particles in the extra-nuclear space structure of celestial bodies. As on today, the matter value of light particles and some other field forming particles are considered mass-less without rest existence. The present knowledge of extra-nuclear structure formed only by electron configuration is incomplete without the space structure with space matter particles (light particles). To supplement the incomplete atomic model, different unrealistic mathematical axioms were made to explain the spectra of only a few atoms. Thus, the mathematical atomic model deviated away from the real structure of the atom having similarity with the structural features of solar system. Further the assumptions made in developing the atomic model fouls with commonsense knowledge and the model-based theory overlooks the vital cause-to-effect analogy. The reality-based atomic model should not face any problem in entertaining the commonsense knowledge and in applying cause-to-effect analogy for explaining the spectra of atoms and other atomic phenomena. Because, the functionality of commonsense is natural. 

Value of Commonsense 

Human perceptions through sense organs and consciousness of mind are natural. We do not have to make any assumption or make any model to perceive objects and events of nature. Thus, commonsense knowledge reveals only the truths of nature. On the other hand, science makes many unnatural assumptions in developing models to understand the reality in the micro domain. Hence, the primary requirement of any scientific theory is that it should not foul with the commonsense knowledge and consciousness-based science. If it does so then the concerned theory is a deviation from reality.

Invisible Causes for Micro Events 

In the interconnected universe, any object or event has a beginning and an end (birth and death). The end of an event gives rise to new events where the death of an event is a precursor to the birth of a new event. Thus, no object or event starts or ends without a cause. The events appear during transformation of local background from one state to another due to distant interaction. For example, a local background of moist air creates water droplets within it when its temperature is lowered by radiation exchange with distant bodies. If we do not understand the micro phenomena of condensation in an unseen domain then we would fail to find the cause of the appearance of water droplets. In such a situation we would assume it as a quantum phenomenon and look for quantum assumptions and theory. Since we understand the structural transformation in the micro domain, we do not have to make quantum assumptions for the condensation of water droplets. We however fail to understand the cause of many events in the unseen micro domain including the precipitation of matter from mass-less high energy particles. If the event and its cause take place in perceivable domains then there is no difficulty in conceptualizing the cause to effect analogy. If the cause of a perceivable event remains in unperceivable finer domain, then we would not be able to identify the cause of the event since we are ignorant about the finer domain. The existence of matter in the micro-micro domain has not yet been admitted in science and the light particles and many hypothetical particles are considered mass-less without having rest existence. We cannot pursue understanding of reality if we ignore the interconnected realities in finer domains. The conceptualized atomic structure progressively diverged from physical reality as atomic phenomena were explained through an incomplete, domain-limited model. This divergence distorted our understanding of micro-domain behaviour, because the electrons in the accepted atomic model additionally proxy the less-known interactions of the micro–micro domain particles, where mass–space interaction exists in a finer and more fundamental form. To compensate for this structural incompleteness, unrealistic mathematical axioms were introduced within mathematical physics, operating as formal tools that manipulate the model to reproduce experimental results without faithfully representing the underlying physical reality. In such an operation commonsense loses its stand. The incomplete understanding of nature by ignoring the reality of finer domains also fails to entertain the cause-to-effect analogy in micro domain physics. It is absolutely necessary to recognize the micro-micro domain particles of matter and their interactions to enable classical physics to deal with the micro domain physics. This opens up a new vision of harmony among sciences.

Micro-micro domain physics bridging the causal gap in quantum theory

Nothing appears abruptly or disappears abruptly in this universe. Objects and events appear when they are evolved from the space medium and disappear when they merge into the space medium. Thus, understanding the cause of appearance and disappearance of objects and events lies with the understanding of the structure and the structural changes of the space medium that associate birth and death of objects and events. The cause of condensation of a macro particle from atomic gas and the cause of sublimation of the macro particle in atomic gas is understood conceptually from the change of state of matter by the interplay of atoms. But it is difficult to realise the causal understanding of quantum objects and events in space or vacuum without structure. In the new concept, matter exists in micro-micro domains such as the light particles and different field forming particles and finding the matter value (mass) of such particles is beyond the scope of modern science. Thus, condensation of micro particles and sublimation of micro-particles in a photon gas (photonic gas) occurs due to the interplay of photons (light particles) in photonic gas. The mass of micro-micro domain particles is yet to be established hence we cannot analyse the birth and death of micro particles in the classical manner discussed above. In such a situation we have no option except making quantum assumptions with a rider that the quantum assumptions are not questionable. Because we have no answer with us as we are unaware of micro-micro domain physics. Again, commonsense knowledge is the outcome of different experiences of natural events. Hence, any man-made theory on aspects of nature can be considered close to reality if the same does not foul with the experiences of commonsense or consciousness. This argument is nullified for quantum physics since they consider science to be beyond ordinary commonsense. Thus, unification of macro domain science and micro domain science does not appear feasible. A still broader unification of different sciences (material science and spiritual science) is unthinkable at present.

Significance of lowest limit of matter

The galactic system is composed of stars which are one domain down the domain of the galaxy. Similarly, the stellar systems are composed of atomic particles which are one domain down the domain of the solar system. Thus, it is natural to think that the micro atomic system is composed of micro-micro domain particles (light particles) and the light particle (photon) is composed of micro-photons. The hierarchy of existence of the entire range of domains of nature and their terminus in either direction (higher and lower limits) cannot be ascertained from the scientific study of any intermediate domain of nature. This is something like the case that a person working at mid-stream of a river cannot decide nor be able to speculate the origin (starting point) and the terminal point (end point) of the river (where it joins the sea or another river). Hence, for normal analysis of events in any domain it may be enough if one considers the physical interactions involving particles/bodies of one domain above and one domain below the domain under investigation. At present the lower limit of existence of matter is decided by the lower limit of scientific measurement or by hypothesis supporting a theory. Rationally, science should not have made any comment on existence or non-existence of matter below the scientific dictation limit. The present lowest limit of matter is subject to change with identification of matter value in so-called mass-less particles. For example, the unobservable entities under ordinary microscope are clearly noticed under electron-microscope; due to high resolution power, hence observation in one domain scale is not enough to draw conclusion on mass-less existence.

Similarity of structure and features in different domain

Atomic systems, star systems, planet systems, asteroid systems, galactic systems are known to have similarity in respect of nucleus and extra-nuclear structure. Once upon a time the atom was considered to be a structure-less hard ball but subsequently the structure became known. Even today the subatomic particles, light particles and different field forming particles are considered structure-less. The main hurdle in conceptualizing the structure of these particles is the lack of knowledge of finer constituents that would go to build the structure. If matter exists in finer and finer domains and we skip their existence due to our limitation in identifying them then we would deviate away from reality. In view of the above, one can anticipate the existence of structure of all particles and bodies. Further, the structures of centrally organized systems in different domains can be generalized in having nucleus and extra-nuclear space structure containing space matter particles and orbital bodies/particles. Again, the particle system of any domain goes to build the system of higher domain having similarity of structure and features. It is interesting to note that matter at any stage can become a nucleus or an orbital body/particle or a space matter particle or even a radiation particle in different reference systems. For example, the earth is the nucleus body for the earth-moon system and the same earth is an orbital body in the sun-planet system; and the earth can become a space matter particle in the extra-nuclear space structure of galaxy without a notable mass in galactic mass unit (GMU). The atomic particles with nucleus and extra nuclear space structure become the space matter particles in the extra-nuclear space structure of a celestial body. Analysing the structure and features of the solar system we notice the nucleus and orbital bodies belong to the macro domain, the space matter particles belong to the micro domain and the solar radiation particles belong to micro-micro domain. The observable solar features can be generalized for systems in other domains. Study of the solar system reveals that the space matter particles are one domain down the domain of the nucleus and the radiation particles are two domains down the domain size of the nucleus. This analogy helps us to understand the nature of radiation from atomic nucleus and galactic nucleus [6]. 

 The electrons too have a range of sizes like the planets of the solar system and have different charge states like the nuclei of atoms. The atomic particles in the present concept are considered to have nucleus and extra-nuclear electronic structure. But in the new concept, the extra-nuclear structure has a space density structure containing space matter particles (photons) and orbital electrons. The space matter particles organize charge shell features within the space structure having discrete energy levels in peaks of shells. The atomic particles become space matter particles in the extra-nuclear space structure of a celestial body (one domain-up scale). Thus, a micro particle (atomic nucleus) that assumes the status of a nucleus in the micro domain becomes a space matter particle in a macro celestial body system and again becomes a radiation particle in the galactic domain [6], [7]. The nucleus of any arbitrary domain Do assume the status of space matter particles in domain D1 which is one domain up from Do and becomes radiation particle in domain D2 which is two domains up from Do. Similarly, in atomic particles, the light particles (photons) are the space matter particles in the extra-nuclear space structure of atoms and the less-known micro photons are the radiation particles of the atomic nucleus [7]. Hence, any particle can become a nucleus, space matter particle or a radiation particle thereby assuming different status in different domains. Any particle/body in any domain constitutes the basic entities of mass and space and can exhibit the form-based properties. However, due to drastic drop of size from one domain to the next lower domain the magnitudes of mass, space, charge and the dimensions of shape and size become zero in respective scales of the larger domain. Hence, for realization of values of a system in the lower domain, different domain-specific scales are required to be established. For example, the mass of an atom though zero in the solar mass unit but has definite value in the atomic mass unit [6], [3]. It is essential to formulate new scales for different entities of each and every domain to realize their values. This new philosophy helps to realize the uniform presence of mass, space & dynamism/time; structure, features & property; charge, energy & their levels; interaction of system with surrounding etc.

For understanding the basic norm of the universe which is the cause of different forms, form-based properties and events in different domains, the awareness of interconnectedness of the systems of the universe is essential. For studying any specific system in the interconnected universe, we need to isolate the system from the rest of the universe with a boundary condition that represents the interaction links with the background. The background extends to the universe through the interconnected universal link. The boundary condition is missing in the present atomic model therefore the model does not correspond to the reality of nature. The present atomic model remains invariant in size and property in different space-time conditions even though the atom is considered highly elastic. Due to lack of understanding of the basic norm of the universe modern science grows in an isolated manner with domain-specific understanding of micro domain physics. Subsequently the domain specific assumptions of micro domain physics stand in the way of the unification of sciences. Hence the domain specific assumptions are required to be generalized for a unified understanding of different sciences.

The present atomic model considers the presence of nucleus and extra-nuclear structure where the extra-nuclear structure is formed by the orbital electrons alone. Complete similarity between microcosm and macrocosm is a vital doctrine of Veda, Vedanta and Bhagavat Geeta which imply, there exists a total similarity of structure and feature between solar-system and atomic-system. This ensures the presence of space matter particles of micro-micro domain which corresponds to light particles in neutral and photonic charge states. The photonic charge particles in the extra nuclear space structure of atoms form polarized charge-shells and sub-shells at discrete distances similar to the formation of charge-shells and sub-shells in the extra-nuclear space structure of the earth [8]. The photonic charge potential structure resembles the shape of a spherical standing wave having maxima and minima. The charge field at charge potential maxima and minima on the shell structure is zero as there is no potential gradient. If the atomic structure is excited externally then light particles from peaks of shells and sub-shells are released giving rise to the spectra of atoms. We find the orbital electrons and space matter particles in atomic structure have different specific roles to play in exhibiting different atomic phenomena. If the space matter particles in the atomic structure are unknowingly ignored then we are left with the orbital electrons only where the justification of atomic spectra becomes a problem. The orbital electrons in the existing atomic model being the only constituent of the extra-nuclear structure was theoretically empowered by domain specific hypotheses to explain the spectra of atoms. Thus, the electronic structure unknowingly played the additional representation of the less known fine structure composed of micro-micro domain space matter particles (light particles) in the atomic model. No doubt, this is a big intelligent approach to understand the spectra of atoms from the incomplete atomic model. However, it conflicts with reality-based commonsense knowledge. Even the cause to effect analogy which is the primary basis of understanding the events of nature was not considered valid in the atomic domain. The un-natural introduced in formulating the atomic model proliferated in micro domain physics claiming a different stand, thus making disagreement with macro domain physics, Vedic science and Spiritual science. The unrealistic assumptions made in micro domain physics need to be reviewed properly for realizing the existing harmony among different sciences.

Electron has mass and charge therefore; it has existence and placement in atomic structure. The electrons in atomic structure remain in a bound state; therefore, have their charge interaction within the atomic system. When the electron is freed from an atom, we notice the charge activity of free electrons. The light particles (photons) are now found to have mass in photonic mass units [3] and have charge in photonic charge units [2], [9]. Hence, rightfully, light particles have placement in atomic structure. But, the mass of light particles in atomic mass units being zero, modern science fails to identify the matter value of light particles. Hence, scientists record only the existence of electrons in the extra-nuclear structure of atoms and develop different hypothetical atomic models. But in reality, the micro-micro domain particles are housed in the extra-nuclear space structure as space matter particles and they form shell features in the extra-nuclear space structure which has a definite role to play. The orbital electrons also have their specific role in atomic structure. When the atom is externally excited sufficiently, some of the electrons are knocked out from their stable orbit and appear as free electrons. Likewise, the light particles are also released from the structure of atoms and the same appear as free light particles in different photonic charge states with different energy levels. This reality cannot be described in the straightforward manner from the present atomic model since the light particles (photons) are non-existent in the atomic model. Hence the release of photons from atomic structure is attempted to justify some kind of hypothetical activity of electrons as nothing else exists in the extra-nuclear structure in the atomic model. The cause of release of photons from atomic structure is attributed to the orbital electrons where it is presumed that electrons create photons while jumping to orbits of lower energy states and absorbs photons while jumping to orbit of higher energy states. We never see a planet jumping from one orbit to the other in releasing or absorbing energy. Further, the mechanism of creation and annihilation of photons is a much more complex phenomenon than its natural release from its existence in the structure of atoms. The process of release of existing photons from atomic structure is straightforward, rational and realistic; however, there is a little thrill in such a description. Any story becomes more interesting when it associates some strange phenomena. Magic is more thrilling than observing natural happenings. Nature is otherwise simple but the simple interaction of mass and space in a complex mass-space structure becomes complex. However, any complex phenomenon is a mere integration of different simple phenomena of nature. The complex form-based objective reality can be explored to understand the basic formless supreme reality of nature compatible with the significance of Brahma described in Vedas and also told by Lord Krishna as described in Bhagavat Geeta. Thus, any physical event of nature can be justified by following the reality of nature without introducing any unrealistic assumption. The unrealistic assumptions are needed only for the partially understood reality. Mass is the carrier of charge and energy. Measurement of mass of particles in finer domains has limitations. One can be sure of the mass of a particle if the particle has the mass above the lower limit of the mass measuring instrument. If the mass of a photon falls below the lower limit of mass evaluation, then one is likely to consider it to be massless. If the mass evaluation instrument fails to record the mass of a photon one cannot be sure whether the photon carries mass or not. It is not proper to declare the mass of a photon to be zero particularly when we cannot evaluate the mass of micro particles.

For understanding any event of nature, we require both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the event. In macro-domain the qualitative aspect of understanding the event is distinct from observation, hence only the quantitative analysis becomes the subject of science. But understanding events in an unseen domain requires conceptualizing the model of the event for qualitative understanding which is later subjected to quantitative analysis to justify the model. The easiest way to conceptualize the model of unseen objects and events is by assuming similarity of structure and features of systems in observable domain assuming uniformity of nature. However, care must be taken to implant all details of the macro structure and features in modelling systems in unseen micro domains so that the assumptions become realistic. The uniformity of nature is a primary concern in the Vedic philosophy where the similarity between microcosm and macrocosm is given utmost importance. The model made following the uniformity of nature remains close to reality of nature and the model is expected to satisfy the quantitative analysis.  If all structural and functional features of the macro system are not reflected in the model then the model remains incomplete. The incomplete model cannot satisfy the expected result of a complete model. For example, consider a macro system with two structural components A and B. Now while modelling a similar system in an unseen micro domain if one considers the similarity of the ‘A’ component only of the macro system for the micro system then the model would be incomplete since he has ignored the ‘B’ component. The real structure of micro particles exhibits the functional properties of both ‘A’ and ‘B’ for external interaction. The defective model would justify only the functional properties of ‘A’ and fail to justify the functional property of ‘B’. The right approach in such a situation is to improve the incomplete model by incorporating the component ‘B’ in the model. On the contrary, one can as well assume the incomplete model is complete in structure and feature, then he attempts to justify the external interaction property of the system from his model.  This is a difficult task since the external interaction property of A & B is required to obtain from A alone. Thus, A has to be empowered by many unnatural hypotheses to provide justification for the functional properties of A and B. In other words, A has to additionally proxy B since B is not present in the model. In the process A assumes a different reality as A’. The structure and feature A’ being unreal requires many more hypotheses to justify the reality. In this model making race he who is capable of producing quantitative results from his imaginary model, shadowing the reality, becomes successful in giving recognition to the defective model as reality.

The present science made several assumptions to explain the external interaction property of the atomic system, no matter– if the assumptions are realistic or not; whether nature remains invariant or plays diplomacy in different domains; if it honours or does not honour the commonsense knowledge; whether it violates the vital cause-to-effect analogy or not. One may wonder how the model ignoring many realities still justifies the external interaction property of atoms! The atomic model was developed by backward integration from the spectral result (atomic property) which required many unrealistic hypotheses to supplement the model which violated the uniformity of nature in different domains. However, it is absolutely necessary to perfect our understanding of the solar system before attempting to make the solar atomic model. It is for this reason the author has made a serious study on the solar system before attempting to make the atomic model.

Conclusion

The paper presents a reality-based unified understanding of nature by considering mass and space as the only fundamental constituents of the universe, with mass–space interaction as the supreme and unchanging reality. Charge, energy, force, and time emerge as state-property of matter (mass–space integral system) across different domains. The apparent mismatch between micro and macro-domain physics arises from unrealistic modelling of atomic structure. The reality-based planetary atomic model could have considered micro-micro domain space matter particles in the extra nuclear space structure of atom for understanding the spectra of atom. The mathematical physics though successful but introduces physically unrealistic assumptions that break commonsense and causal continuity. Recognizing the structural and functional similarity of centrally organized systems across domains restores cause-to-effect reasoning, removes artificial dualities, and enables a common conceptual language applicable to all sciences. Even though it’s difficult to change long-accepted scientific beliefs, we can build a single, consistent framework that connects modern science with Vedic and spiritual perspectives if we start from more realistic basic assumptions, apply boundary conditions, and accept that matter may exist in even finer “micro-micro” domain.  The reality-based science can match the deep underlying unity and consistency of nature.

Reference

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